Hydrol. Process.
 1999
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(199910)13:14/15<2331::aid-hyp855>3.3.co;2-n
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Physical and optical properties of snow covering Arctic tundra on Svalbard

Sebastian Gerland1,
Jan‐Gunnar Winther2,
Jon Børre Ørbæk3
et al.
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Cited by 37 publications

(62 citation statements)
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“…Integrated short-wave albedo at DYR decreased from around 0.8 in the beginning of May to 0.7 and below at the end of May and beginniFg of June. Similar values were measured in Ny-Alesund, but there the albedo started to decrease later than on the fast ice, probably due to about twice the snow thickness (Gerland et al 1999), and different snow temperatures and metamorphism compared with the sea ice.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 80%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
“…Integrated short-wave albedo at DYR decreased from around 0.8 in the beginning of May to 0.7 and below at the end of May and beginniFg of June. Similar values were measured in Ny-Alesund, but there the albedo started to decrease later than on the fast ice, probably due to about twice the snow thickness (Gerland et al 1999), and different snow temperatures and metamorphism compared with the sea ice.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 80%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
“…The extinction of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) over time in a snow pack in the Bayelva basin has been investigated (Gerland et al 1999;Gerland et al 2000). Analyses of the bulk PAR showed that temperate snow which underwent metamorphosis appeared more transparent than colder, less changed snow, which is in agreement with other studies (e.g.…”
Section: Extinction Of Solar Radiation In Snow Packsupporting
confidence: 83%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
“…[41] The liquid equivalent e-folding depths for the snowpacks in Barrow are in the range 3.8-4.5 cm (for a wavelength of 400 nm) which are a little larger than liquid equivalent e-folding depths previously reported for Arctic snow on sea-ice of 2-3 cm [Grenfell and Maykut, 1977], but are within the large range of liquid equivalent e-folding depths for Northern hemisphere snows ($1.5 cm [King and Simpson, 2001] to $16 cm [Fisher et al, 2005]). The snowpacks near to the Barrow Science Centre and the snowpack on sea-ice have a liquid equivalent e-folding depth of $4 cm at a wavelength of 400 nm, which is comparable to springtime measurements made at Ny-Ålesund [France et al, 2011a;Gerland et al, 1999]. Previously it has been stated that 85% of photochemistry occurs in the top 2 e-folding depths of snowpack [King and Simpson, 2001], therefore for the Barrow snowpacks 85% of the photochemistry occurs within the top 14-24 cm of snow cover using e-folding depths measured at 350 nm.…”
Section: Comparison With Previous Worksupporting
confidence: 62%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
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