Physical and mechanical properties of sunflower oil and synthetic polymers based bigels for the delivery of nitroimidazole antibiotic – A therapeutic approach for controlled drug delivery

Ketoprofen-loaded polymer carriers in bigel formulation: an approach to enhancing drug photostability in topical application forms

“…SMS in the concentration of 15% (w/w) was used as a gelling agent for the preparation of almond oil organogel. 47,48 The bigel (BG30) was obtained with a hydrogel/organogel ratio of 70/30 (w/w). The gel formation was confirmed by a tube inversion test ( Figure 6A).…”

Carbopol hydrogel/sorbitan monostearate-almond oil based organogel biphasic formulations: Preparation and characterization of the bigels

“…Olive oil [2], sesame oil [4,5], sunflower oil [6], soybean oil [1,7] and fish oil [8,9] are the most commonly used oils for bigel preparation. Oleogels prepared from these oils are combined with hydrogels of natural and synthetic polymers: guar gum [4], gelatine [1], sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose [8], and carbopol [5,9].…”

Olive oil and hyperthermal water bigels for cosmetic uses

“…Starting from a cosmetic cream basis, bigels were produced adding increasing fractions of a monoglycerides of fatty acids/olive oil organogel. A microstructural investigation was carried out on bigel samples using techniques already adopted in this area, such as rheological dynamic tests [7] and microscopy [14,16]. Moreover, material microstructure and the relative position of aqueous and oily phases were investigated by using other experimental procedures, commonly adopted for emulsion characterisation [1,24,27] and, so far, not used in bigels analysis.…”

“…Texture analysis (creep recovery tests) were also taken by Satapathy et al [4] in their study comparing gelatin-based hydrogels, emulsion hydrogels, and bigels, while Rehman et al [16] characterised the polarized optical microscopy, viscosity and texture properties of polymer-fish oil bigels. Finally, flourence microscopy and rheological tests (texture analysis, viscosity, stickiness and stress relaxation) was investigated by Behera et al [14]. Apart from these techniques of investigation, no other works were published dealing with the microstructure of the systems and further investigations can be very useful to better understanding structure and behaviour of these materials.…”

“…Looking at these interesting properties, a growing number of authors is studying bigels as active agent carriers. Rhee et al, proposed bigels for ketoprofen transdermal administration [13]; Behera et al investigated the physical properties of bigels made of synthetic polymers hydrogels (PVA and PVP), and sunflower oil and span 40 oleogels, for the delivery of metronidazole [14]; metronidazole was also added to carbopol hydrogel/ Sorbitan monostearate-sesame oil organogel studied by Singh et al [15], and the controlled delivery of ciprofloxacin was studied, again by Singh et al [8], with a guar gum hydrogel and sorbitan monostearate-sesame oil based organogel.…”