Physical and biological characteristics of nanohydroxyapatite and bioactive glasses used for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

Critical-sized bone defects have, in many cases, posed challenges to the current gold standard treatments. Bioactive glasses are reported to be able to stimulate more bone regeneration than other bioactive ceramics; however, the difficulty in producing porous scaffolds made of bioactive glasses has limited their extensive use in bone regeneration. On the other hand, calcium phosphate ceramics such as synthetic hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate are widely used in the clinic, but they stimulate less bone regeneration. This paper gives an overview of the recent developments in the field of bioactive nanoparticles, with a focus on nanohydroxyapatite and bioactive glasses for bone repair and regeneration. First, a brief overview of the chemical structure and common methods used to produce synthetic nanohydroxyapatite and bioactive glasses has been presented. The main body of the paper covers the physical and biological properties of these biomaterials, as well as their composites with biodegradable polymers used in bone regeneration. A summary of existing challenges and some recommendations for future directions have been brought in the concluding section of this paper.

Validation of scaffold design optimization in bone tissue engineering: finite element modeling versus designed experiments

“…Researchers often incorporate the harder HA phase into a polymer matrix to improve its mechanical properties [72][73][74]. However, in some cases the addition of HA may not increase the properties over that of the monolithic polymer [73].…”

Current strategies in multiphasic scaffold design for osteochondral tissue engineering: A review

“…However, it is difficult to produce porous bioactive glass scaffolds for bone regeneration from 45S5 Bioglass ® because it crystallizes during sintering . Some recent reviews have elaborated on the application of bioactive glasses for bone tissue engineering …”

“…(E)] . This is one of the underlying mechanisms that make nanomaterials superior to conventional materials for tissue engineering applications . A significant volume of recent publications have been dedicated to understanding and controlling matter on the nanometer scale where unique phenomena enable new functional applications .…”

Effect of alkali earth oxides on hydroxy-carbonated apatite nano layer formation for SiO2–BaO–CaO–Na2O–P2O5 glass system

“…Hydroxy carbonated apatite is similar to bone mineral and it interacts with collagen fibrils to integrate with the host bone (Hench and Polak 2002). For tissue engineering applications, it is essential that the nucleation and growth of hydroxy apatite (HA) layer be fast on the surface of the bioglass surface in a precise reaction time in body environment (Kokubo et al 1990;Sooksaen et al 2015;Yousef et al 2014).…”