Phylum Tardigrada: A re-evaluation of the Parachela

Marley, Nigel J.; McInnes, Sandra J.; Sands, Chester J.

doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2819.1.2

Cited by 85 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…The status of a third class, Mesotardigrada, remains as nomen dubium (Guidetti & Bertolani, , ). Several molecular phylogenies at different taxonomic levels have been proposed, especially during the last decade (Garey et al ., ; Jørgensen & Kristensen, ; Regier et al ., ; Guidetti et al ., , ; Nichols, Nelson & Garey, ; Kiehl et al ., ; Sands et al ., ; Jørgensen et al ., ; Jørgensen, Møbjerg & Kristensen, ; Marley, McInnes & Sands, ; Guil & Giribet, ). In contrast, morphological phylogenies have only been proposed by four studies: amongst heterotardigrade genera of the family Echiniscidae (Jørgensen, ), amongst species of the genus Dactylobiotus (Guidetti, Altiero & Hansen, ), and two combined analyses with molecular and morphological information amongst genera of the families Macrobiotidae (Eutardigrada) (Guidetti et al ., ) and Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada) (Jørgensen et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High level of phenotypic homoplasy amongst eutardigrades (Tardigrada) based on morphological and total evidence phylogenetic analyses

2013

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Much of what is known about the phylogenetic relationships of the neglected phylum Tardigrada comes from\ud molecular data, rather than from morphology-based phylogenetic studies. Several molecular phylogenies have been\ud proposed, but morphological and total evidence phylogenetic approaches are scarce. We performed the first\ud morphological phylogeny (based on maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference) including all genera from the\ud class Eutardigrada. Furthermore, we carried out a total evidence approach adding molecular information available\ud in public databases. We compared the morphological and total evidence phylogenies with current molecular\ud hypotheses and Eutardigrada classifications, which our results partially support. These classifications were\ud supported only when homoplastic characters (related to the buccopharyngeal apparatus) were excluded. The\ud importance of morphological phylogenies is discussed as well as their utility for questioning current phylogenetic\ud hypotheses and classifications based solely on molecular information. Lastly, we propose evolutionary hypotheses\ud about eutardigrade phylogenetic relationships that should be tested based on our morphological results

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High level of phenotypic homoplasy amongst eutardigrades (Tardigrada) based on morphological and total evidence phylogenetic analyses

2013

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“…Tardigrade taxonomy is presented according to Marley et al (2011). Only specimens determined to species level are provided in the list of species (we omitted all specimens determined only to the species group level, e.g.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New tardigrade records for the Baltic states with a description of Minibiotus formosus sp. n. (Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae)

Zawierucha¹,

Dziamięcki²,

Jakubowska³

et al. 2014

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In sixteen moss, lichen and mixed (moss/lichen) samples, collected from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, 291 specimens, 48 simplexes, including one exuvium with 6 eggs, and 8 free-laid eggs of eutardigrades were found. In total, 17 species, together with one new to science, were identified (all are new records for the Baltic states): Astatumen bartosi, Diphascon (Adropion) prorsirostre, D. (Diphascon) bullatum, D. (D.) pingue pingue, D. (D.) recamieri, D. (D.) rugosum, Hypsibius convergens, H. dujardini, H. cf. scabropygus, Isohypsibius ronsisvallei, I. sattleri, Macrobiotus harmsworthi harmsworthi, M. hufelandi hufelandi, Milnesium asiaticum, Milnesium tardigradum tardigradum, Minibiotus formosus sp. n. and Paramacrobiotus richtersi. The new species is most similar to Minibiotus gumersindoi, but differs from it mainly by the presence of two types of cuticular pores, the absence of a triangular or pentagonal arrangement of pores above a single large pore on legs, the presence of granulation on all legs and a different macroplacoid length sequence. In this paper we also provide photographs and morphometrics of H. cf. scabropygus.

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“…Within the Eutardigrada, the Apochela (with the single family Milnesiidae) are basal. Recent molecular studies have revealed several polyphyletic and/or paraphyletic taxa within both classes (Jørgensen et al, 2011;Marley et al, 2011;Bertolani et al, 2014a). The position of a third class, the Mesotardigrada, however, is dubious, because its sole species (Thermozodium esakii Rahm, 1937) was found in a Japanese thermal spring later destroyed by an earthquake, the type material is nonexistent, and efforts to find the species anywhere have been unsuccessful.…”

Section: General Systematics and Phylogenetic Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%