Phylogeny‐based classification of human rhinoviruses detected in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infection in Paraguay, 2010–2011

Abstract

Human rhinovirus (HRV), a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus, is associated with mild upper respiratory tract infections in children. The aim of this study was to carry out a molecular characterization and phylogeny-based classification of the circulating genotypes of HRV in hospitalized children with clinical manifestations of acute lower respiratory infection in Paraguay. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from 101 children under 5 years of age, hospitalized with symptoms of acute lower respiratory infection, between May 2010 and December 2011, at the largest public pediatric hospital in the Central Department of Paraguay. Detection was performed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction, followed by conventional amplification of the VP4/VP2 genomic region, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Rhinovirus was detected in 33.7% of the samples. Amplification of 18 samples showed the presence of all three species (HRV-A, -B, and -C). Different genotypes were found for each species: 11 for HRV-A (-9, -12, -22, -30, -36, -43, -59, -61, -68, -88, and -89), one for HRV-B (-4), and four for HRV-C (-C2, -C3, -C6, and -C9). In South America, information about HRV diversity is scarce. This is the first report on HRV genotype diversity in South America.

Respiratory Pathogens in Infants Diagnosed with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Western India Using Multiplex Real Time PCR

“…This suggests that maternal antibodies are ineffective in preventing RSV infections during infancy, leading to substantial morbidity. HRV, the second most common virus that was detected was prevalent in 25.6% of infants, which is within the range of 0.5-33% [1,7,15,17] as reported by other investigators. Earlier considered as the most common cause of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), and less commonly less a cause of LRTI, HRV has further established its role also as a common cause of LRTIs among infants [15].…”

Serotype and genetic diversity of human rhinovirus strains that circulated in Kenya in 2008

“…The numerous negatively selected sites found in the Kenyan HRV strains may indicate that portion of the genome has attained genetic stability and therefore resist deleterious mutations. These findings echo those of previous reports …”

Genetic diversity and clinical impact of human rhinoviruses in hospitalized and outpatient children with acute respiratory infection, Argentina

“…To date, few data are available on the detection and molecular epidemiology of HRV in Argentina. Only two recent studies carried out in Latin America reported that HRV frequency ranges from 16% to 34%, and described the 3 HRV species in circulation, with HRV-A and C being the most frequent [24,25].…”