Phylogeny And Systematics Of Squamata (Reptilia) Based On Morphology

Conrad, Jack L.

doi:10.1206/310.1

Cited by 406 publications

(728 citation statements)

References 234 publications

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“…Fast and slow optimizations were identical in the molecular Luther (1914), Haas (1973), Gomes (1974), Holliday and Witmer (2007), and Jones et al (2009a). topology, whereas in the morphological topology, the optimization of RAO fluctuated. Although there is not much difference between these two hypotheses in terms of number of steps, we favored a discussion of the results onto a morphological framework (Conrad, 2008), because it is the most updated and comprehensive morphological treatment of the group and facilitates the interpretation of morphological data (Daza and Bauer, 2010). The proposed nomenclature and the equivalent terms used in seven publications dealing with lepidosaurian jaw muscles (Lakjer, 1926;Haas, 1973;Gomes, 1974;Rieppel, 1980a;Zaher, 1994;Herrel et al, 1999a;Jones et al, 2009a) is presented in Table 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The general homology hypotheses proposed previously using the more inclusive groups Actinistia, Dipnoi, Amphibia, Reptilia, and Mammalia have been applied in this work. The characters that were found to be the most variable were optimized in recent phylogenies for lepidosauria based on morphology using parsimony (Conrad, 2008) and molecular data with Bayesian inference (Wiens et al, 2010). Optimization was done in WinClada (Nixon, 1999) using slow and fast optimization functions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1) have been considered part of the adductor externus mandibulae complex in previous (Conrad, 2008) and (D) multigene analysis (Wiens et al, 2010). Black circles indicate nonhomplasious changes.…”

Section: Superficial Lateral Muscles: Lao and Raomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Lepidosauria, encompassing Rhynchocephalia (represented by two extant species of tuatara, or one according to Hay et al, 2009) and Squamata (nearly 7200 species of lizards, amphisbaenians and snakes), includes a diverse and speciose living clade of reptiles (Vitt and Caldwell, 2008;Conrad, 2008;Evans, 2008;Uetz, 2010Uetz, , 2011. For such a diverse group, the problems of maintaining a consistent-and homology-based muscle nomenclature are exacerbated.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Jaw Adductor Muscles across Lepidosaurs: A Reappraisal

Daza

Diogo

Johnston

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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The exact homologies of tetrapod jaw muscles remain unresolved, and this provides a barrier for phylogenetic analysis and tracing character evolution. Here, lepidosaur jaw muscles are surveyed using direct examination of species from 23 families and published descriptions of species from 10 families. A revised nomenclature is applied according to proposed homologies with Latimeria. Among lepidosaurs, variation was found in many aspects of jaw muscle anatomy. The superficial layers mm. levator and retractor anguli oris (LAO and RAO) are present in Sphenodon but not all squamates. The external jaw adductor muscles universally present in lepidosaurs are homologous with the main adductor muscle, A2, of Latimeria and include four layers: superficialis (A2-SUP), medialis (A2-M), profundus (A2-PRO), and posterior (A2-PVM). The A2-SUP appears divided in Agamidae, Gekkota, Xantusiidae, and Varanidae. The A2-M is layered lateromedial in lizards but anteroposterior in snakes. The names pseudotemporalis (PS) and pterygomandibularis (PTM) are recommended for subdivisions of the internal adductors of reptiles and amphibians, because the homology of this muscle with the A3 0 and A3 00 of Latimeria remains inconclusive. The intramandibularis of lepidosaurs and Latimeria (A-x) are homologous. The distribution of six jaw muscle characters was found to plot more parsimoniously on phylogenies based on morphological rather than and molecular data. Character mapping indicates that Squamata presents reduction in the divisions of the A2-M, Scincoidea presents reduction or loss of LAO, and two apomorphic features are found for the Gekkota. Anat Rec, 294:1765Rec, 294: -1782Rec, 294: , 2011. V V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: Lizard; jaw muscles; skull; Sphenodon; Squamata

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Superficial Lateral Muscles: Lao and Raomentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Jaw Adductor Muscles across Lepidosaurs: A Reappraisal

Daza

Diogo

Johnston

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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“…Moreover, their bizarre external appearance, acrodont dentition, unique skeletal anatomy, as even their specialized feeding and locomotor habits have long lead herpetologists to consider chameleons as a monophyletic group (Camp 1923;Estes 1983). Their relationships to other squamates, however, are yet not fully resolved, mostly because of the uncertainty of the position of Iguania, but it is widely accepted that Chamaeleonidae constitute a group within the iguanian clade Acrodonta (Estes et al 1988;Townsend et al 2004;Kumazawa 2007;Conrad 2008;Vidal and Hedges 2009;Gauthier et al 2012;Wiens et al 2012;Pyron et al 2013; Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article contains supplementary material et al 2015), even if their affinities with Agamidae are a matter of debate, with different topologies arising on the basis of morphological and molecular data (Bolet and Evans 2013;Tolley and Menegon 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First description of a fossil chamaeleonid from Greece and its relevance for the European biogeographic history of the group

Georgalis

Villa

Delfino

2016

Sci Nat

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The fossil record of Chamaeleonidae is very scarce and any new specimen is therefore considered important for our understanding of the evolutionary and biogeographic history of the group. New specimens from the early Miocene of Aliveri (Evia Island), Greece constitute the only fossils of these lizards from southeastern Europe. Skull roofing material is tentatively attributed to the Czech species Chamaeleo cf. andrusovi, revealing a range extension for this taxon, whereas tooth-bearing elements are described as indeterminate chamaeleonids. The Aliveri fossils rank well among the oldest known reptiles from Greece, provide evidence for the dispersal routes of chameleons out of Africa towards the European continent and, additionally, imply strong affinities with coeval chamaeleonids from Central Europe.

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An Embryonic Staging Table for In Ovo Development of Eublepharis macularius, the Leopard Gecko

Wise

Vickaryous

Russell

2009

The Anatomical Record

140

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Squamates constitute a major vertebrate radiation, representing almost one-third of all known amniotes. Although speciose and morphologically diverse, they remain poorly represented in developmental studies. Here, we present an embryonic staging table of in ovo development for the basal gekkotan Eublepharis macularius (the leopard gecko) and advocate this species as a laboratory-appropriate developmental model. E. macularius, is a hardy and tractable species of relatively large body size (with concomitantly relatively large eggs and embryos), that is widely available and easy to maintain and propagate. Additionally, E. macularius displays a body plan appropriate to the study of the plesiomorphic quadrupedal condition of early pentadactylous terrestrial amniotes. Although not unexpected, it is worth noting that the morphological events characterizing limb development in E. macularius are comparable with those described for the avian Gallus gallus. Therefore, E. macularius holds great promise as a model for developmental studies focusing on pentadactyly and the formation of digits. Furthermore, it is also attractive as a developmental model because it demonstrates temperature-dependent sex determination. The staging table presented herein is based on an all-female series and represents the entire 52 day in ovo period. Overall, embryogenesis of E. macularius is similar to that of other squamates in terms of developmental stage attained at the time of oviposition, patterns of limb and pharyngeal arch development, and features of the appearance of scalation and pigmentation, indicative of a conserved developmental program.

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Phylogeny And Systematics Of Squamata (Reptilia) Based On Morphology

Cited by 406 publications

References 234 publications

Jaw Adductor Muscles across Lepidosaurs: A Reappraisal

Jaw Adductor Muscles across Lepidosaurs: A Reappraisal

First description of a fossil chamaeleonid from Greece and its relevance for the European biogeographic history of the group

An Embryonic Staging Table for In Ovo Development of Eublepharis macularius, the Leopard Gecko

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