Phylogenetic Relationships of Toads in theBufo bufoSpecies Group from the Eastern Escarpment of the Tibetan Plateau: A Case of Vicariance and Dispersal

A phylogeographic evaluation of the Amolops mantzorum species group: Cryptic species and plateau uplift

“…This rate range was commonly used for cytb gene in anurans (e.g. Macey et al, 1998;Monsen and Blouin, 2003;Prohl et al, 2010). A relaxed uncorrelated lognormal clock model was used, the lognormal prior distribution for rate was selected, and a Yule speciation process was employed for speciation events.…”

“…Macey et al, 1998;Peng et al, 2006;Zhou et al, 2012). Several biogeographic patterns have been recognized.…”

Phylogeographic analysis of the Bufo gargarizans species complex: A revisit

“…Using a phylogeographic approach and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data, Macey et al (1998a) presented a "vicariance followed by dispersal" hypothesis for the Bufo gargarizans species complex, one of the most common and widely distributed amphibian groups of eastern Asia. Classically, four species have been placed in this group: B. gargarizans is widely distributed in the lowlands from the Amur River basin and Sakhalin Island, through Korea, to most of China; B. andrewsi and B. minshanicus are in the mountains of western China with the latter being constrained to only a few locations; B. bankorensis is exclusive to the island of Taiwan (Frost, 2004).…”

“…Classically, four species have been placed in this group: B. gargarizans is widely distributed in the lowlands from the Amur River basin and Sakhalin Island, through Korea, to most of China; B. andrewsi and B. minshanicus are in the mountains of western China with the latter being constrained to only a few locations; B. bankorensis is exclusive to the island of Taiwan (Frost, 2004). Macey et al (1998a) concluded that the common ancestor of the B. gargarizans species complex was divided by a vicariance event approximately 5-10 million years ago, producing B. andrewsi at high elevations and B. gargarizans at low elevations. One lineage of B. gargarizans ( D B. minshanicus sensu lato) subsequently invaded the elevated areas, and B. minshanicus was a synonym of B. gargarizans.…”

“…Frost (2004) listed all four as valid species, while Fei and Ye (2000) treated Bufo andrewsi and B. minshanicus as subspecies of B. gargarizans. The lack of consensus generated by the two molecular studies (Macey et al, 1998a;Liu et al, 2000) may be due, at least partially, to the small number of specimens examined from the B. gargarizans species group (9 and 5, respectively).…”