Phylogenetic Analyses of Armillaria Reveal at Least 15 Phylogenetic Lineages in China, Seven of Which Are Associated with Cultivated Gastrodia elata

Abstract

Fungal species of Armillaria, which can act as plant pathogens and/or symbionts of the Chinese traditional medicinal herb Gastrodia elata (“Tianma”), are ecologically and economically important and have consequently attracted the attention of mycologists. However, their taxonomy has been highly dependent on morphological characterization and mating tests. In this study, we phylogenetically analyzed Chinese Armillaria samples using the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region, translation elongation factor-1 alpha gene and beta-tubulin gene. Our data revealed at least 15 phylogenetic lineages of Armillaria from China, of which seven were newly discovered and two were recorded from China for the first time. Fourteen Chinese biological species of Armillaria, which were previously defined based on mating tests, could be assigned to the 15 phylogenetic lineages identified herein. Seven of the 15 phylogenetic lineages were found to be disjunctively distributed in different continents of the Northern Hemisphere, while eight were revealed to be endemic to certain continents. In addition, we found that seven phylogenetic lineages of Armillaria were used for the cultivation of Tianma, only two of which had been recorded to be associated with Tianma previously. We also illustrated that G. elata f. glauca (“Brown Tianma”) and G. elata f. elata (“Red Tianma”), two cultivars of Tianma grown in different regions of China, form symbiotic relationships with different phylogenetic lineages of Armillaria. These findings should aid the development of Tianma cultivation in China.

Muerte descendente de Prunus sp. asociada a Armillaria spp. en huertas comerciales de Michoacán, México

“…For the phylogenetic analysis, all the sequences of Armillaria spp. isolates from Michoacan were grouped in a single consensus sequence, and sequences of isolates of 34 Armillaria species characterized worldwide were used, according to the method of Maphosa et al (2006), Hasegawa et al (2010), Ross-Davis et al (2012), Elías-Román et al (2013) and Guo et al (2016). Pleurotus ostreatus (NCBI accession number AY883432) was used as a root node outside the group.…”

“…Guo et al (2016), a phylogenetic analysis was performed using the Neighbor-joining algorithm. A 50 % or higher probability consensus tree was obtained in which the Armillaria species were grouped into four main clades (Figure 1).…”

“…En el género Armillaria las especies que se agrupan en el mismo clado que A. mellea y A. ostoyae se asocian o se consideran como patógenos agresivos que regularmente pueden causar enfermedades en diversos árboles frutales y forestales, et al, 2012;Guo et al, 2016). In this study, the phylogenetic analysis grouped the sequences in the same clade as A. mellea sequences that have been reported in North America, Asia and Europe.…”

“…En los últimos años, los datos moleculares, específi-camente las secuencias de ADN, se están utilizado para identificar las especies de hongos y realizar estudios filogenéticos (Cai et al, 2011;Guo et al, 2016;Koch et al, 2017). En la taxonomía contemporánea de este hongo, las comparaciones de secuencias de ADN han llevado al descubrimiento de una serie de nuevas especies que no están relacionadas con especies morfológicas (Maphosa et al, 2006), lo cual ha tenido implicaciones en la identificación de este organismo.…”

“…Aún con el desplante de árboles infectados, el micelio sobrevive como saprófito, las raíces residuales specifically DNA sequences, have been used to identify species of fungi and conduct phylogenetic studies (Cai et al, 2011;Guo et al, 2016;Koch et al, 2017). With the contemporary taxonomy of this fungus, comparing DNA sequences has led to the discovery of new species that are not related to morphological species (Maphosa et al, 2006), a fact that has had implications for identifying the fungus.…”