Phyllanthus amarus Does Not Affect Hypernociception in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Chronic pain is one of the main symptoms, affecting many patients. Studies show that the lignans or the apolar extracts of Phyllanthus amarus have antinociceptive effects in different animal models. To evaluate the antihypernociceptive effect of a hexanic extract of P. amarus in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice, the chemical composition of the hexanic extract was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. After EAE induction, animals were treated with the hexanic extract of P. amarus for 26 consecutive days. Motor coordination and mechanical hypernociception were evaluated on alternate days. The principal lignans found were phyllanthin, niranthin, and 5-demethoxyniranthin. The hexanic extract of P. amarus at a dose of 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg did not affect the development of the disease. The motor coordination and pain threshold of the treated animals were not altered in this experiment. In conclusion, in this test, the hexanic extract of P. amarus did not show evidence of antihypernociceptive activity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of six stonebreaker species from different regions of Brazil

“…Eleven lignans were identified in the samples analyzed (Table 3), with P. amarus being the only sample in which all eleven were detected and had been all previously detected in other studies (Nahar et al, 2012;Molska et al, 2014;Qi et al, 2014), confirming that it was the major producer of lignans among the studied species. Seven lignans were detected in P. niruri but, only niranthin, hypophyllanthin and dextrobursehernin were detected for the first time (Nahar et al, 2012;Qi et al, 2014).…”

“…Analysis of the P. niruri sample in different columns showed that the DB-35 and DB-17HT columns have a greater discrimination capacity for lignans than the DB-5ms column, similar to that used by Molska et al (2014) (Figure 2). The higher content of phenyl groups in these columns allows for a better interaction of the lignans with…”

“…The choice of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry as analytical technique rather than the more frequently used liquid chromatography for the analysis of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin has the advantage of GC-MS being less expensive to acquire and to maintain, using minimum amounts of organic solvents and able to identify several lignans as demonstrated by Molska et al (2014).…”

“…These are detailed in Table 2 which presents the two substances involved in each resolution, along with their characteristic fragments used for resolution calculation. The study intervals of each factor were based on the method of Molska et al (2014), using the author's initial oven temperature (60°C) as the lowest value (-1), their oven heating rate (6°C/min) used as the lowest value (-1) and their carrier gas flow rate (1.5 ml/min) used as the central value (0). The three factors were significant for the responses studied as shown in Figure 3.…”

Immunomodulatory effect of Moringa peregrina leaves, ex vivo and in vivo study

“…Each group was treated orally “gavage” with either 750, 1000, 1250 or 1500 mg/kg of each leave extract. The dose range was selected based on earlier studies; where oral doses of Moringa peregrina aqueous and ethanolic seed extract ranging between 100-300 mg/kg were found to be safe yet potent as anti-inflammatory [ 12 ]. Also, based on the fact that the i.p.…”