Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Sensor Using an Array of Light Sensors with the Integration of Data Logging for Agricultural Application

Caya, Meo Vincent C.; Alcantara, Jonald T.; Carlos, Jennie S.; Cereno, Sherwin Sam B.

doi:10.1109/ccoms.2018.8463321

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…PAR sensors that potentially fit into the desired sensor node have been built in a do-it-yourself approach by Caya et al [ 15 ], Rajendran et al [ 16 ], and Fielder et al [ 17 ] who provide detailed instructions. Their approach uses a photodiode, together with a diffuser and optical filters, to match the sensor response to the desired PAR spectrum.…”

Section: General Sensor Specificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Approach to Obtain PAR with a Multi-Channel Spectral Microsensor, Suitable for Sensor Node Integration

Bäumker

Zimmermann

Schierle

et al. 2021

Sensors

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We propose a novel approach to measure photosynthetically active radiation (PAR ) in the form of photosynthetic photon flux density with an inexpensive, small multi-channel spectrometer sensor, with integrated optical filters and analog-to-digital converter. Our experiments prove that the combination of eight spectral channels with different optical sensitivities, such as the sensorchip in use (AS7341, ams), derive the PAR with an accuracy of 14/m2/s. Enabled by the sensor architecture, additional information about the light quality can be retrieved which is expressed in the RLQI. A calibration method is proposed, and exemplary measurements are performed. Moreover, the integration in a solar-powered wireless sensor node is outlined, which enables long-term field experiments with high sensor densities and may be used to obtain important indexes, such as the GPP.

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Section: General Sensor Specificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Approach to Obtain PAR with a Multi-Channel Spectral Microsensor, Suitable for Sensor Node Integration

Bäumker

Zimmermann

Schierle

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…The RGB colours are combined in the microcontroller to produce a white light colour sensor output resulting in the combined output of RGBW. Similar to Caya et al [25], the calibration used natural sunlight, but included a wider range of conditions. They included data from shaded areas as well as overcast days.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptalight: An Inexpensive PAR Sensor System for Daylight Harvesting in a Micro Indoor Smart Hydroponic System

et al. 2022

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Environmental changes and the reduction in arable land have led to food security concerns around the world, particularly in urban settings. Hydroponic soilless growing methods deliver plant nutrients using water, conserving resources and can be constructed nearly anywhere. Hydroponic systems have several complex attributes that need to be managed, and this can be daunting for the layperson. Micro Indoor Smart Hydroponics (MISH) leverage Internet of Things (IoT) technology to manage the complexities of hydroponic techniques, for growing food at home for everyday citizens. Two prohibitive costs in the advancement of MISH systems are power consumption and equipment expense. Reducing cost through harvesting ambient light can potentially reduce power consumption but must be done accurately to sustain sufficient plant yields. Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) meters are commercially used to measure only the light spectrum that plants use, but are expensive. This study presents Adaptalight, a MISH system that harvests ambient light using an inexpensive AS7265x IoT sensor to measure PAR. The system is built on commonly found IoT technology and a well-established architecture for MISH systems. Adpatalight was deployed in a real-world application in the living space of an apartment and experiments were carried out accordingly. A two-phase experiment was conducted over three months, each phase lasting 21 days. Phase one measured the IoT sensor’s capability to accurately measure PAR. Phase two measured the ability of the system to harvest ambient PAR light and produce sufficient yields, using the calibrated IoT sensor from phase one. The results showed that the Adaptalight system was successful in saving a significant amount of power, harvesting ambient PAR light and producing yields with no significant differences from the control. The amount of power savings would be potentially greater in a location with more ambient light. Additionally, the findings show that, when calibrated, the AS7265x sensor is well suited to accurately measure PAR light in MISH systems.

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“…All PAR sensors developed thus far are suitable for use in measuring PPFD with proper sensitivity and error range, but the high price of PAR sensor devices restricts their use by most farmers for large-area PPFD monitoring in greenhouses or smart farms . Therefore, several approaches have been performed to develop low-cost quantum PAR sensors, as reported previously in many publications. − Most PAR sensors use a Si photodiode (PD), ,, and some of them use a GaAsP PD , and Se photocells. , Both the PD and photocell are equipped with a simple bandpass filter (BPF) that transmits light in the PAR wavelength bands. However, these PAR sensors cannot selectively measure the photon flux density of R and B wavelength bands, which are widely used in photosynthesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of PAR Sensor Applicable to Greenhouses and Smart Farms Using a Ripple-Free Red/Blue TiO₂/SiO₂ Dual-Band Bandpass Filter

Kim

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater.

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The sunlight that promotes photosynthesis is called photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Most plants use a large amount of red (R) and blue (B) wavelength light for photosynthesis, but also to a limited extent use green (G) wavelength light. The quantitative light value required for photosynthesis in farming is referred to as the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Most commercial PAR sensors are well calibrated and precisely developed to measure PPFD, but have complex structures, optical systems, and a multiple number of bandpass filters and/or channels. To address these complex problems, we propose using a dual-band bandpass filter (DBPF) that can transmit light in two bands at the same time. Here, we simulated and developed a ripple-free DBPF that transmits R and B wavelength regions and simultaneously reflects G and infrared (IR) wavelength regions. Our ripple-free DBPF was manufactured by nonperiodically stacking TiO 2 and SiO 2 films using e-beam evaporation with the help of an optical simulation. In addition, an IR-cutting filter was deposited on the back of the substrate to block IR light that is absorbed by the Si photodiode (PD) used as the light receiver of the PAR sensor. Finally, our dual-color detectable PAR sensor was developed by combining the general Si PD and ripple-free DBPF. The measured PPFD value was calibrated in a wide PPFD range of 0.05 to 3048 μmol/m 2 /s. Reliability was confirmed from an average measurement error of 3.7% in five light-emitting diode (LED) lighting environments, including white light and monochromatic light. Due to the easy modification of both the R and B transmission bands of the developed DBPF, it can be easily adapted to slightly different PAR spectra of various plants or crops.

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Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Sensor Using an Array of Light Sensors with the Integration of Data Logging for Agricultural Application

Cited by 13 publications

References 10 publications

A Novel Approach to Obtain PAR with a Multi-Channel Spectral Microsensor, Suitable for Sensor Node Integration

A Novel Approach to Obtain PAR with a Multi-Channel Spectral Microsensor, Suitable for Sensor Node Integration

Adaptalight: An Inexpensive PAR Sensor System for Daylight Harvesting in a Micro Indoor Smart Hydroponic System

Development of PAR Sensor Applicable to Greenhouses and Smart Farms Using a Ripple-Free Red/Blue TiO₂/SiO₂ Dual-Band Bandpass Filter

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Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Sensor Using an Array of Light Sensors with the Integration of Data Logging for Agricultural Application

Cited by 13 publications

References 10 publications

A Novel Approach to Obtain PAR with a Multi-Channel Spectral Microsensor, Suitable for Sensor Node Integration

A Novel Approach to Obtain PAR with a Multi-Channel Spectral Microsensor, Suitable for Sensor Node Integration

Adaptalight: An Inexpensive PAR Sensor System for Daylight Harvesting in a Micro Indoor Smart Hydroponic System

Development of PAR Sensor Applicable to Greenhouses and Smart Farms Using a Ripple-Free Red/Blue TiO2/SiO2 Dual-Band Bandpass Filter

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Product

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Development of PAR Sensor Applicable to Greenhouses and Smart Farms Using a Ripple-Free Red/Blue TiO₂/SiO₂ Dual-Band Bandpass Filter