2006
DOI: 10.2174/138945006778226561
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Abstract: It is well known that many drugs act as photosensitizers towards cells by interacting with various cellular components such as lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. The structural modifications of the cellular components may occur by direct interactions of the excited states (singlets or triplets) of the drugs with the biological substrate or indirectly, through reactive species of oxygen sensitised by the drug themselves. In particular, the phototoxic activity of various drugs correlated with their potential ph… Show more

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Cited by 27 publications
(28 citation statements)
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References 131 publications
(177 reference statements)
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“…This non-planarity is common to all phenothiazine derivatives, and is often affected by substitution at 2C and 3C positions. [10,17,18] It is apparent that the 2-amino substitution, in this case, does not change the ground state conformation of APH relative to PH.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 85%
“…This non-planarity is common to all phenothiazine derivatives, and is often affected by substitution at 2C and 3C positions. [10,17,18] It is apparent that the 2-amino substitution, in this case, does not change the ground state conformation of APH relative to PH.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 85%
“…By contrast, the formation of dimers seems to result in interactions with cell membranes, leading to cell lysis [37,58]. Viola and Dall'Acqua [41] have described the photosensitization of biomolecules by CPR and found direct effects mediated by the photoproducts as well as indirect effects due to the formation of reactive oxygen species. Matsuo et al [59] reported cell death of Escherichia coli, caused by phototoxicity of CPR.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Photoallergy is thought to be caused by the covalent modification of proteins or other molecules to produce an antigen [40]. Photooxidation and formation of free radicals were shown to be responsible for phototoxic effects and photosensitization [41]. By contrast, it was shown that photo-dimers and -polymers of CPR cause haemolysis of human blood cells without the presence of light [42].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These PSs are commonly employed in APDT because of their high binding affinity for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria such as methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MSSA and MRSA) and E. coli [15,16]. Phenothiazinium PSs are pharmacodynamically interesting because this class of PSs exhibits inherent toxicity to E. coli cells, also under dark conditions [17].…”
Section: Phenothiaziniumsmentioning
confidence: 99%