Photorefractive Properties of Undoped Chiral Smectic C Phases of Cyclopalladated Complexes

Formation of Dynamic Hologram in Photorefractive Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals

“…[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] FLCs exhibit a chiral smectic C phase (SmC*) that possesses a helical structure. [14] When the FLC is sandwiched between glass plates to form a film of few micrometers thick, the helical structure uncoils and a surface-stabilized state (SS-state) is formed in which spontaneous polarization (Ps) appears.…”

Photorefractive Effect of Photoconductive-Polymer-Stabilized Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals

“…Liquid crystals are attractive materials for the development of high performance photorefractive materials [5]. A liquid crystal mixed with photocharge generating compounds has been shown to exhibit the photorefractive effect [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. The mechanism of the photorefractive effect in liquid crystals is as follows.…”

“…The interference of two laser beams in a photorefractive liquid crystal induces electron transfer between donor molecules and acceptor molecules, thereby positive and negative charges (ions or hole=electron pairs) are generated at the light positions of the interference fringe. In liquid crystalline photorefractive materials, it is believed that photogenerated ions mainly contribute to the photorefractive effect [11][12][13]. These photogenerated ions are transported by diffusion and=or by an externally applied electric field, leading to separation of cations and anions as a result of the difference in the mobilities of the ions.…”

“…In recent studies, the photorefractive effect in ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) has attracted significant attention [8][9][10][11][12][13]. In FLCs, spontaneous polarization responds to the internal electric field and a refractive index grating is formed.…”

Influence of Photoconductivity on the Photorefractive Effect of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Mixtures

“…The photorefractive effect is expected to realize various optical devices, including real-time holographic display [1,[3][4][5][6][7]. The photorefractive effect of ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) has been reported [8][9][10][11][12][13]. FLCs exhibit a chiral smectic C phase (SmC * ) that possesses a helical structure [14].…”