“…To increase the data rate within regulated/limited frequency bandwidths, multi-level signal modulation techniques such as Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 8PSK, 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 32QAM, and 64QAM have been increasingly adopted in the recent studies on sub-THz and THz communications systems. In addition, due to the rapid advancements in the communication test and measurement technologies, such as arbitrary waveform generators (AWGs), and real-time oscilloscopes (RTOs), digital signal processing (DSP) for the demodulation of signals in the receiver can be performed on-line, rather than relying on off-line DSP based on original algorithms [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. The on-line (or quasi-real time) DSP is invaluable for accurately determining physical parameters of components and equipment that limit data rates in both transmitters and receivers, ultimately achieving the maximum data rate.…”