Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production by water splitting over dual-functionally modified oxide: p-Type N-doped Ta2O5 photocathode active under visible light irradiation

Stoichiometric water splitting using a p-type Fe2O3based photocathode with the aid of a multi-heterojunction

“…Morikawa et al have reported that N-doped Ta 2 O 5 lms exhibit a negative band edge shi of 0.9 V compared to undoped Ta 2 O 5 . 11 This N-Ta 2 O 5 generates hydrogen under visible light irradiation via the photocathodic water splitting reaction, 12 while no photoreaction occurs at the undoped Ta 2 O 5 anode. Density functional theory calculations by Jinnouchi et al suggest that the surface dipole moments generated by nitrogen doping would result in the negative band edge shi.…”

Molecular Catalysts Immobilized on Semiconductor Photosensitizers for Proton Reduction toward Visible‐Light‐Driven Overall Water Splitting

“…Metal oxides, sulfides, nitrides, carbides, phosphides; arsenic oxysulfides, oxynitrides, oxycarbides, carbon nitrides; and Si were used for the photoinduced hydrogen generation by proton reduction . Cationic and/or anionic impurity doping of these compounds, especially of oxides, is effective for absorbing more visible‐light photons to facilitate the reaction . Because the surfaces of most of these semiconductors are not sufficiently active to facilitate proton reduction near ambient temperature and normal pressure, cocatalysts are required for a higher hydrogen evolution rate.…”

“…Generally, organic sacrificial electron donors act as both electron donors and proton sources, similar to water molecules, and undergo irreversible decomposition. For example, triethanolamine (TEOA) donates both electrons and protons, forming aldehydes . In a Z‐scheme‐like reaction, which utilizes dual photocatalysts for proton reduction and water oxidation, reversible electron donors that mediate electrons between the two photocatalysts for the water oxidation reaction and proton reduction reactions as a redox shuttle are used.…”

A sandwich-type catalytic composite reassembled with a birnessite layer and metalloporphyrin as a water oxidation catalyst

“…This process requires a lot of electrons and protons as reducing agents. [2][3][4] The water oxidation process can provide sufficient electrons and protons for this process. Thus, water oxidation is the critical step for hydrogen production technology.…”