Phosphorylated lignin as a halogen-free flame retardant additive for epoxy composites

Mendis, Gamini P.; Weiss, Sydney G.; Korey, Matthew; Boardman, Charles R.; Dietenberger, Mark A.; Youngblood, Jeffrey P.; Howarter, John A.

doi:10.1680/jgrma.16.00008

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The silicone molds were prepared using a procedure described elsewhere . 100 parts of silicone precursor were mixed with 3 parts by weight tin initiator for 2 min using a DAC 400 Speedmixer from (FlackTek Inc., Landrum, SC, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tannic acid: A sustainable crosslinking agent for high glass transition epoxy materials

Korey

Mendis

Youngblood

et al. 2018

J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem.

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Epoxy thermosets have revolutionized the coating, adhesive, and composite industries but the chemicals from which they are synthesized have significant effects on the environment and human health not only precure but also after crosslinking has occurred. In this study, we propose tannic acid (TA) as an alternative epoxy hardening agent for commercially available epoxy resin, the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). The resulting thermosets were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, optical microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, compression testing, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results from this study showed that at temperatures above 100 °C, the compatibility of TA in DGEBA was significantly increased for loading levels up to 37% weight of TA in DGEBA, something that has not been seen before in literature. It was also discovered that at high loading levels, the resulting materials had glass transition temperatures at and above 200 °C. The resulting material was proposed as a more sustainable alternative to amine or acid hardened epoxy thermosets and was particularly useful in high‐temperature applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 1468–1480

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tannic acid: A sustainable crosslinking agent for high glass transition epoxy materials

Korey

Mendis

Youngblood

et al. 2018

J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem.

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“…Based on the biodegradable property of PLA, natural additives, such as casein, 22 starch, 23 lignin, 24,25 chitosan, 17,26 and phytic acid (PA) 27,28 are used as synergistic agents, not only to maintain the advantages of biodegradability but also to improve flame retardant property of PLA. As mentioned above, PA has the characteristics of high phosphorus content of additives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of nickel phytate on flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant polylactic acid

Gong

Fan

Luo

et al. 2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Biodegradable polymers with flame retardancy have aroused great interest in the fabrication of biobased flame retardants. In this study, nickel phytate (PA‐Ni) was prepared by reaction of phytic acid from plant seeds with nickel acetate in water and then used as flame retardant added into polylactic acid (PLA) with intumescent flame retardant (IFR). With the loading of 4 wt% PA‐Ni and 11 wt% IFR, the resulted PLA composite can achieve a UL94 V‐0 test rating. The results show that the pHRR of PLA/11IFR/4PA‐Ni decreases by 62.3% compared with that of virgin PLA and residual char increases significantly. The flame retardant mechanism was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It is showed that PA‐Ni can improve the formation of continuous and compact char residues, and phosphorus‐containing compounds can act as a radical scavenger to quench free radicals generated during combustion, suggesting that gas‐phase flame retarded mechanism coexists with condensing phase flame retarded mechanism.

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“…In the past, bromine compounds were commonly used as flame retardants for polymers, but a number of products with bromine compounds have been restricted now owing to the probability of generating toxic and corrosive smoke during combustion. Many nonhalogen‐based compounds, such as phosphorus‐ or nitrogen‐containing additives, fillers, epoxy resins, and curing agents, have been investigated to improve the flame resistant properties of epoxy thermosets …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardant and mechanical properties of epoxy composites with ammonium polyphosphate and hyperbranched silicon‐containing polymers

Cheng

Kuo

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The epoxy resin was mixed with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and hyperbranched silicon-containing polymers (HBP-B2). The cured composites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, Underwriters Laboratory standard for the flammability properties under vertical burning (UL-94V), and limited oxygen index (LOI) test methods. The LOI of 43.5 and could be obtained at the weight ratio of 70:25:5 for the epoxy resin:APP:HBP-B2, Sample A25B5, and the LOI was higher than that of the composite with 30 wt % APP only, Sample A30B0, of which the LOI was 34.5. It suggested that the HBP-B2 could cooperate with the epoxy/APP composite to form a more effective protection layer during combustion, which resulted in a higher second-stage thermal degradation temperature. During the UL-94V test, the flame was extinguished immediately once the burner was removed. Furthermore, the tensile and impact strength of the epoxy/APP composite could also be improved by using HBP-B2 compound as the toughening agent. The composite containing 20% of APP and 10% of HBP-B2, Sample A20B10, still had excellent flame retardant properties with a V-0 rating. Moreover, the tensile strength and impact strength of that composite got 19 and 25% increases compared with the Sample A30B0, which contained 30% of APP only.

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Phosphorylated lignin as a halogen-free flame retardant additive for epoxy composites

Cited by 27 publications

References 32 publications

Tannic acid: A sustainable crosslinking agent for high glass transition epoxy materials

Tannic acid: A sustainable crosslinking agent for high glass transition epoxy materials

Effect of nickel phytate on flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant polylactic acid

Flame retardant and mechanical properties of epoxy composites with ammonium polyphosphate and hyperbranched silicon‐containing polymers

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