Phenibut, the Appearance of Another Potentially Dangerous Product in the United States

O'Connell, Charles; Schneir, Aaron; Hwang, James Q.; Cantrell, F. Lee

doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.029

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…NMP (Reisch, 2008), and similar molecules, including GHV (Brunt et al, 2013;Carter et al, 2005), phenibut (O'Connell et al, 2014;Samokhvalov et al, 2013;Schmitt et al, 2013) and baclofen (Franchitto et al, 2014;Gahr et al, 2014;Weißhaar et al, 2012) are now starting to emerge as substitutes for GHB/GBL. Some internet sites that formerly offered GHB and GBL for sale to assist sleep, as an aid in bodybuilding, for energy boosts, as an antidepressant, etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD; BDO): A literature review with a focus on UK fatalities related to non-medical use

Corkery

Loi

Claridge

et al. 2015

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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Misuse of gamma hydroxybutrate (GHB) and gamma butyrolactone (GBL) has increased greatly since the early 1990s, being implicated in a rising number of deaths. This paper reviews knowledge on GHB and derivatives, and explores the largest series of deaths associated with their non-medical use. Descriptive analyses of cases associated with GHB/GBL and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) use extracted from the UK's National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths database. From 1995 to September 2013, 159 GHB/GBL-associated fatalities were reported. Typical victims: White (92%); young (mean age 32 years); male (82%); with a drug misuse history (70%). Most deaths (79%) were accidental or related to drug use, the remainder (potential) suicides. GHB/GBL alone was implicated in 37%; alcohol 14%; other drugs 28%; other drugs and alcohol 15%. Its endogenous nature and rapid elimination limit toxicological detection. Post-mortem blood levels: mean 482 (range 0-6500; SD 758)mg/L. Results suggest significant caution is needed when ingesting GHB/GBL, particularly with alcohol, benzodiazepines, opiates, stimulants, and ketamine. More awareness is needed about risks associated with consumption.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD; BDO): A literature review with a focus on UK fatalities related to non-medical use

Corkery

Loi

Claridge

et al. 2015

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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show abstract

“…). It was developed in the Soviet Union in the 1960s and is still used in some countries for the management of anxiety, insomnia and alcohol withdrawal . In Australia it is a prohibited substance and listed by the Therapeutic Goods Administration as a schedule 9 agent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe phenibut poisoning: An adolescent case cluster

Isoardi

Kulawickrama

2019

J Paediatrics Child Health

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“…Acute phenibut intoxications have varying presentations, ranging from sedation and lethargy at “normal doses,” typically under 2 g over a period of days to 1.5 months, to agitation and delirium, with acute ingestions of 25–75 g (6–8). Minimally responsive states have been reported with doses as low as 3 g daily for 4 days (8).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Minimally responsive states have been reported with doses as low as 3 g daily for 4 days (8). Rare tonic-clonic seizures have also been reported by poison control centers in acute intoxications (6, 9).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rare tonic-clonic seizures have also been reported by poison control centers in acute intoxications (6, 9). Treatment of acute phenibut intoxications can be supportive, requiring no medications or brief benzodiazepine treatment, with return to pre-intoxication baseline in hours without any lasting effect (6, 8). However, in one case presenting with agitated delirium, droperidol and ketamine were not sufficient for sedation and intubation was required for safety of the patient (6).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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