Phase Behaviour, Formation and Characterization of Palm-Based Esters Nanoemulsion Formulation containing Ibuprofen

Abstract

Palm-based esters, synthesized through enzymatic transesterification of palm oil fractions with oleyl alcohol have potential application in pharmaceutical formulations. The phase behaviour of palm-based esters containing ibuprofen with surfactant of different HLB values was investigated for topical delivery system. The surfactants were Tween 85, Tween 60 and Tween 80, and the palm-based esters were palm oil esters (POEs) and palm kernel oil esters (PKOEs). Ternary phase diagrams of palm-based esters: Ibuprofen/surfactant/water systems were constructed. Three distinct regions were observed in the phase diagrams; isotropic liquid region, L 1 , liquid crystalline region, L c and multiphase region, M. Nanoemulsions were prepared spontaneously by the addition of water to oil:ibuprofen/surfactant mixtures based on the ternary phase diagrams constructed. Formulations from the PKOEs:Ibuprofen/Tween 80/water systems were selected due to the presence of large isotropic liquid region, which suggested that this region was suitable to be used in producing nanoemulsions. Particle size analysis showed that the mean particle sizes of these formulations ranged from 10 nm to 70 nm. Zeta potential analysis for all formulations showed negative values from -4 to -8 mV. Stability studies showed that, after 4 h of stirring at room temperature (25°C), the formulations were stable under centrifugation test at 4000 rpm for 15 min. Stability under different storage temperature showed that at 25°C, the four formulations, F1, F2, F3 and F4 were stable with no phase separation for the duration of 1 month. However, when these formulations were stored at 45°C and 4°C, respectively, only F3 and F4 were observed to be stable. These two formulations have the potential to be used for topical delivery of ibuprofen.

Self-assembly of Palm Kernel Oil Wax Esters in Aqueous Media: A Molecular Dynamics Study

“…These kinds of formulations can be used as carriers for the delivery of NSAIDs by removing the adverse effects of drug due to the oral therapy showed experimentally (Salim et al, 2011(Salim et al, , 2012. We performed all-atom level MD simulations of the model Water, PKOEs, and Tween80 provided by our experimental groups to explore how can the self-assembly of nano-emulsions containing palm kernel oil wax esters and nonionic Tween80 surfactants proceed in aqueous solution and what is the shape of aggregate formed.…”

“…Nano-emulsions can't form spontaneously because of the surface tension at oil/water interface, thus an extra energy is usually required to break the bigger droplets to smaller ones (Mason et al, 2006). Currently, unsaturated palm oil-based wax esters (PKOEs) are widely used in the formulation of nano-emulsions for cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications (Salim et al, 2011(Salim et al, , 2012. Palm oil-based wax esters are synthesized using enzymatic reactions (Sulaiman et al, 2005).…”

Phase Behaviour and Formation of Fatty Acid Esters Nanoemulsions Containing Piroxicam

“…For the centrifugation test, the prepared nanoemulsions formulations showed no phase separation after performing centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 15 min. By using centrifugation test, the stability of the emulsion is directly proportional to the gravitational force (23). Therefore, by performing centrifugation test, the destabilization of the nanoemulsions can be accelerated, thus stimulating its ageing period (24).…”

Nanotechnology in Agriculture

“…Currently, Nanoemulsion are becoming the subject of many studies due to their wide range of particle sizes in Nanoscale, and this has contributed to more branches of potential uses and applications [33]. Nanoemulsion was characterized for particle size viscosity, surface morphology and refractive index [34].…”