Pharmacomicrobiomics: Influence of gut microbiota on drug and xenobiotic metabolism

Abstract

Gut microbiota is the most diverse and complex biological ecosystem, which is estimated to consist of greater than 5 million distinct genes and 100 trillion cells which are in constant communication with the host environment. The interaction between the gut microbiota and drugs and other xenobiotic compounds is bidirectional, quite complicated, and not fully understood yet. The impact of xenobiotics from pollution, manufacturing processes or from the environment is harmful to human health at varying degrees and this needs to be recognized and addressed. The gut microbiota is capable of biotransforming/metabolizing of various drugs and xenobiotic compounds as well as altering the activity and toxicity of these substances, thereby influencing how a host responds to drugs and xenobiotics and this emerging field is known as pharmacomicrobiomics. In this review, we discussed different mechanisms of drug–gut microbiota interaction and highlighted the influence of drug‐gut microbiome interactions on the clinical response in humans.

Lab-on-chip technologies for exploring the gut–immune axis in metabolic disease

“…51 The bacterial population in the gut is dominated by the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes , as well as to a lesser extent Proteobacteria , Actinobacteria , Verrucomicrobia , and Fusobacteria , amongst others. 50 Perturbations in the microbiome have been linked to various chronic diseases 52 including obesity, T2D, metabolic liver disease and malnutrition 46 as well as increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. 53 While a “healthy” gut microbiome has not been defined, several factors have been identified indicating a state of dysbiosis, such as reduced microbial diversity, 46 with reduced bacterial gene richness in the gut linked to inflammation, adiposity, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia.…”

“…39,44 Additionally, the colon is home to a diverse community of over 10 13 bacteria and other microorganisms 45 including archaea, bacteriophages, viruses and fungi. 46 Collectively known as the gut microbiome, these microorganisms play crucial roles in immunity and immune system development, 47 food digestion and the production of bioactive compounds such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), endocrine function, 48 neurological signalling, 49 drug and xenobiotic metabolism 50…”

Emerging issues in probiotic safety: 2023 perspectives

“…A relatively new discipline, toximicrobiomics or pharmacomicrobiomics, studies the interactions between the microbiota and xenobiotic compounds. 70 ,, 71 Examples such as described by Dikeocha et al 71 indicate that it might be important to understand the interplay of microbiota diversity, diet and drug disposition and response and how this may impact future personalized medicine. 72–74 …”

The Effect of Menopause on Antipsychotic Response

“…The most dominant biotransformations ascribed to bacterial enzymes in the gut involve reductive metabolism (the antipsychotic, risperidone is an example) and hydrolytic reactions and, to a lesser extent, decarboxylations, dehydroxylations, dealkylations, dehalogenations, and deaminations [ 65 ]. Hormones such as estrogen regulate metabolizing enzymes in gut bacteria as well as in human liver [ 66 ]. This has raised the possibility that menopause alters male/female composition of gut bacteria and the actions of their metabolizing enzymes [ 67 ].…”