We have shown that human macrophages (m4s) play an important role in the elaboration of chemotactic cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (Koch, inflammatory protein-i (MIP-la), a cytokine with chemotactic activity for mos and neutrophils (PMNs), has been described. We have examined the production of MIP-1a using sera, synovial fluid (SF), and synovial tissue (ST) from 63 arthritic patients. MIP-la was higher in RA SF (mean, 29±8 ng/ml ISEJ) compared with other forms of arthritis (2.8±1.7), or osteoarthritis (0.7±0.4; P < 0.05). RA SF MIP-la was greater than that found in either RA or normal peripheral blood (PB) (P < 0.05). Anti-MIP-la neutralized 36±3% (mean±SE) of the chemotactic activity for mos, but not PMNs, found in RA SFs. RA SF and PB mononuclear cells produced antigenic MIP-la. Mononuclear cell MIP-la production was augmented with phytohemagglutinin or LPS. Isolated RA ST fibroblast production of antigenic MIP-la was augmented upon incubation of cells with LPS, and to a lesser extent with tumor necrosis factor-a. Isolated RA ST m4s expressed constitutive MIP-la mRNA and antigenic MIP-la.AUsing ST immunohistochemistry, MIP-la+ cells from RA compared with normal were predominantly mos and lining cells (P < 0.05). These results suggest that MIP-la plays a role in the selective recruitment of mos in synovial inflammation associated with RA. (J. Clin. Invest. 1994. 93:921-928.)