PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY OF ORAL ε-AMINOCAPROIC ACID IN THE NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL (<i>MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS</i>)

Kaye, Sarrah; Johnson, Shawn; Arnold, Robert D.; Nie, Ben; Davis, Joshua; Gulland, Frances M. D.; Abou‐Madi, Noha; Fletcher, Daniel J.

doi:10.1638/2015-0138.1

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 23 publications

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“…Treatment of suspected cases of OC in NES includes antibiotics, salicylic acid, ε-aminocaproic acid, and anti-inflammatory doses of corticosteroids. Traditionally, anthelminthic treatment has been avoided due to the risk of peracute death from rapid release of parasitic antigens (6). The pathophysiology of OC in NES resembles that of Angiostrongylus vasorum in dogs, which is helping to guide current investigations into appropriate anthelminthic treatment protocols in suspected OC cases at TMMC (7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Performance of Clinicopathological Analytes in Otostrongylus circumlitis-Infected Rehabilitating Juvenile Northern Elephant Seals (Mirounga angustirostris)

et al. 2019

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The nematode lungworm, Otostrongylus circumlitis (OC), is a significant cause of northern elephant seal (NES; Mirounga angustirostris ) mortality at The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC, Sausalito, CA). The current lack of specific antemortem diagnostic tests for pre-patent OC infection in NES makes diagnosis, proper treatment, and assessment of efficacy of medications challenging. Severe inflammation and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) develop rapidly and are difficult to treat once clinical signs develop. Certain blood inflammatory and hemostasis biomarkers for early diagnosis have recently been investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic performance of complete blood count, serum chemistry, acute phase proteins, protein electrophoresis, and coagulation parameters for diagnosis of OC clinical infection in NES. Samples from NES with OC infection confirmed by gross pathology with blood collected antemortem during clinical disease ( n = 9) and NES initially admitted for malnutrition and sampled shortly before release after successful rehabilitation ( n = 20) were included in the study. Using Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the diagnostic performances (area under the curve [AUC]) of albumin (0.994), albumin:globulin ratio (0.983), serum amyloid A (0.972), activated partial thromboplastin time (0.936), total bilirubin (0.975), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (0.939) were high (AUC > 0.9). These results confirm systemic inflammation and DIC, and support previously reported clinical and gross pathological findings in NES infected with OC. In addition to AUC values, this study produced cut-off points, sensitivity, specificity, confidence intervals, and predictive values for analytes with high diagnostic performance. This data will be useful in the diagnosis and clinical management of OC-infected NES and will aid in assessment of treatment efficacy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Performance of Clinicopathological Analytes in Otostrongylus circumlitis-Infected Rehabilitating Juvenile Northern Elephant Seals (Mirounga angustirostris)

et al. 2019

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Viscoelastic Coagulation Testing in Exotic Animals

Cummings¹,

Eisenbarth²,

deLaforcade³

2022

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice

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A systematic review of the diversity and virulence correlates of metastrongyle lungworms in marine mammals

Fischbach

Seguel

2023

Preprint

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Metastrongyles are common lung worms of mammals including most aquatic species. Given the importance of the respiratory system for diving and food acquisition in marine mammals, metastrongyles could be particularly detrimental in this mammalian group. However, there is conflicting preliminary evidence regarding the health consequences of metastrongyle infections in marine mammals and little understanding on the factors that could drive pathogenic effects. To fill this gap, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to analyze the diversity of this parasite group in marine mammals and the host and parasite factors that could be associated with pathogenic effects. There have been at least 3 families and 40 species of metastrongyles described in 2 orders, 10 families, and 66 species of marine mammals. The Indo-pacific finless porpoise, narrow-ridge finless porpoise, and short-beaked common dolphin harbored the highest diversity of metastrongyle species whileHalocercus hyperoodoni,Otostrongylus circumlitus,Parafilaroides gymnurus,Halocercus brasiliensis, andStenurus minorwere the metastrongyles which parasitized more marine mammal species. Metastrongyle infections are most frequently documented in the lower respiratory system, otic apparatus, and cardiovascular system of marine mammals. For host-parasite relationships where metastrongyles were found in the respiratory system and pathogenic effect was assessed (n=166), respiratory specific pathogenicity such as bronchopneumonia was reported in 80.12% of the cases (n=133). In contrast, for relationships where metastrongyles were found in the otic apparatus and pathogenic effect was assessed (n=26), otic specific pathogenicity such as otitis was reported in only 23.08% of the cases (n=6). Similarly, for relationships where metastrongyles were found in the cardiovascular system and pathogenic effect was assessed (n=11), cardiovascular specific pathogenicity such as vasculitis was reported in 45.45% of the cases (n=5). Finally, metastrongyle species that infected a larger number of marine mammal species of larger size were more likely to induce pathogenic effects on the host such as tissue specific inflammation and mortality. Metastrongyles are important pathogens of marine mammals that can cause significant tissue damage and mortality although pathogenic host-parasite relationships are dominated by a few metastrongyle species with wider host ranges.

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PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY OF ORAL ε-AMINOCAPROIC ACID IN THE NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL (MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS)

Cited by 4 publications

References 23 publications

Diagnostic Performance of Clinicopathological Analytes in Otostrongylus circumlitis-Infected Rehabilitating Juvenile Northern Elephant Seals (Mirounga angustirostris)

Diagnostic Performance of Clinicopathological Analytes in Otostrongylus circumlitis-Infected Rehabilitating Juvenile Northern Elephant Seals (Mirounga angustirostris)

Viscoelastic Coagulation Testing in Exotic Animals

A systematic review of the diversity and virulence correlates of metastrongyle lungworms in marine mammals

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