pH dependence of the in situ formation of an organicN-chloramine water disinfectant

Elder, Elisabeth D.; Worley, S. D.; Williams, D. E.

doi:10.1007/bf01569544

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In our study, α diversity indices, including observed_species, Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, ACE, and PD_whole_tree indices were not affected by dietary Cu. Our results were consistent with those of a previous study of high dietary Cu levels (300 mg/kg) in suckling piglets (Zhang et al, 2019) but in contrast to previous studies reporting that high dietary Cu levels (100-200 mg/kg, as CuSO 4 ) significantly affect microbial species in the ileac, cecal, and colonic chyme of piglets (Varel et al, 1987;Hojberg et al, 2005;Namkung et al, 2006;Mei et al, 2010). A possible reason for these differences is that the method used to investigate the microbial flora is inconsistent among the different studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In the present study, unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean analysis showed that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla in the ileum and cecum, which is similar to previous findings in piglets (Xiong et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2019). Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis also showed that the differences included, but were not limited to, the phylum Firmicutes, the family, Clostridiaceae, and the genera, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, and Ruminococcaceae, which were found to be affected in previous studies in which Cu was supplemented at high levels (200-300 mg/kg) as CuSO 4 (Fuller et al, 1960;Kellogg et al, 1966;Varel et al, 1987;Hojberg et al, 2005;Xia et al, 2005;Namkung et al, 2006;Mei et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2012;Song et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2019). In addition, consistent with previous studies, the addition of high concentrations of Cu to the diet had no significant effect on the populations of aerobic, anaerobic, mobile element-containing, facultatively anaerobic, biofilm-forming, Gram-negative, Gram-positive, potentially pathogenic, or stress-tolerant bacteria (Varel et al, 1987;Hojberg et al, 2005;Mei et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…For many years, a pharmacological dose of Cu (150-250 mg/kg feed) has been added to animal diets to improve growth performance. However, as the Cu requirement of pigs is 4-6 mg/kg feed, the growth-promoting effect of dietary Cu is mostly attributed to the regulation of the composition and metabolism of the intestinal microbiota (Varel et al, 1987). Meanwhile, there are increasing concerns regarding the potential adverse effects of Cu accumulation on the intestinal microbiota, i.e., microbial drug resistance (Hasman and Aarestrup, 2005;Hasman et al, 2006;Djoko et al, 2008;Amachawadi et al, 2011;Zimmermann et al, 2012;Agga et al, 2014;Yazdankhah et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, as the Cu requirement of piglets is 4-6 mg Cu/kg feed (Okonkwo et al, 1979), the excess Cu results in an increase in the Cu content of pig slurry and, consequently, an accumulation of Cu in soils, which poses a high environmental risk (Jondreville et al, 2002). Meanwhile, excess amounts of Cu in the gut can affect the intestinal microbial community and result in reduced counts of streptococci, ureolytic bacteria, and total anaerobes in the feces (Fuller et al, 1960;Kellogg et al, 1966;Varel et al, 1987). Recently, it has been found that feeding piglets with 300 mg Cu/kg feed affected the abundance of Clostridium genera and decreased the relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria, such as Acidaminococcus, Coprococcus, and Roseburia in fecal microbiota (Zhang et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Dietary Copper on Intestinal Microbiota and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli in Weaned Piglets

et al. 2019

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Copper is an essential microelement for animals, and not only it has been used as a feed additive at pharmacological doses in swine production to improve growth performance, but it also has an effect on intestinal microbes by enhancing host bacterial resistance. However, there are few reports on the effects of pharmacological doses of copper on intestinal microorganisms and the antimicrobial resistance profiles of pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, in pigs. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of pharmacological doses of copper on the microbial communities in the hindgut and the antimicrobial resistance profiles of E. coli in weaned piglets. Twenty-four healthy weaned piglets aged 21 ± 1 days and with an average weight of 7.27 ± 0.46 kg were randomly divided into four groups. The control group was fed a basal diet, while the treatment groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 20, 100, or 200 mg copper/kg feed, in the form of CuSO 4. Anal swabs were collected at 0, 21, and 42 days of the trial, and E. coli was isolated. Meanwhile, the contents of the ileum and cecum from the control and 200 mg copper/kg feed groups were collected at 21 and 42 days for microbial community analysis and E. coli isolation. All isolated E. coli strains were used for antimicrobial resistance profile analysis. A pharmacological dose of copper did not significantly change the diversity, but significantly affected the composition, of microbial communities in the ileum and cecum. Moreover, it affected the microbial metabolic functions of energy metabolism, protein metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis. Specifically, copper treatment increased the richness of E. coli in the hindgut and the rates of E. coli resistance to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. Moreover, the rate of E. coli resistance to multiple drugs increased in the ileum of pigs

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Dietary Copper on Intestinal Microbiota and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli in Weaned Piglets

et al. 2019

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“…In particular, N-halamines, [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] quaternary ammonium salts, [9][10][11][12] metal ions, [13][14][15] and biguanides [16][17][18][19][20] have been widely immobilized onto the surface of cotton bers to try to minimize the spreading of pathogenic microorganisms. 3 N-Halamine, as one of the most effective biocides, began to be studied in the 1980s, 21 and was of great research interest because of its rechargeability, non-toxicity to humans, and antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and yeasts. 4 When Nhalamine precursors are exposed to sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solution, halogenated nitrogenous structures with antimicrobial activity are produced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%