Pesticides report 40: Bound xenobiotic in food commodities of plant and animal origin (Technical Report)

Skidmore, M. W.; Paulson, G. D.; Kuiper, H.A.; Ohlin, B; Reynolds, S.

doi:10.1351/pac199870071423

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…Aliquots of the post-extraction pellets from forage and stover were subjected to bound residue determinations following a scheme modified from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) technical report . This three-step scheme first solubilized pectin substances using an incubation in buffered ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (pH 4.5) at 80 °C for 5 h following a procedure from Langebartels et al Then, lignin was removed from the solids remaining after the pectin solubilization using a sodium chlorite extraction procedure adapted by Hatfield .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism and Residues of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in DAS-40278-9 Maize (Zea mays) Transformed with Aryloxyalkanoate Dioxygenase-1 Gene

Xiao¹,

Rotondaro²,

Ma³

et al. 2016

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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DAS-40278-9 maize, which is developed by Dow AgroSciences, has been genetically modified to express the aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase-1 (AAD-1) protein and is tolerant to phenoxy auxin herbicides, such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). To understand the metabolic route and residue distribution of 2,4-D in DAS-40278-9 maize, a metabolism study was conducted with C-radiolabeled 2,4-D applied at the maximum seasonal rate. Plants were grown in boxes outdoors. Forage and mature grain, cobs, and stover were collected for analysis. The metabolism study showed that 2,4-D was metabolized to 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), which was then rapidly conjugated with glucose. Field-scale residue studies with 2,4-D applied at the maximum seasonal rate were conducted at 25 sites in the U.S. and Canada to measure the residues of 2,4-D and free and conjugated 2,4-DCP in mature forage, grain, and stover. Residues of 2,4-D were not detectable in the majority of the grain samples and averaged<1.0 and <1.5 μg/g in forage and stover, respectively. Free plus conjugated 2,4-DCP was not observed in grain and averaged <1.0 μg/g in forage and stover.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism and Residues of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in DAS-40278-9 Maize (Zea mays) Transformed with Aryloxyalkanoate Dioxygenase-1 Gene

Xiao¹,

Rotondaro²,

Ma³

et al. 2016

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…Residue associated with one or more classes of endogenous macromolecules that cannot be disassociated by extraction or digestion without alteration [25].…”

Section: Bound Residuementioning

confidence: 99%

Glossary of terms relating to pesticides (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)

Stephenson

Ferris

Holland

et al. 2006

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the Glossary of terms relating to pesticides (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)Abstract: The glossary contains definitions of more than 500 terms frequently used in relation to the chemistry, mode of action, regulation, and use of pesticides. A wide range of disciplines is involved in this field, and the glossary was developed as a step in facilitating communication among researchers, government regulatory authorities, and chemists in associated professional areas. The range of terms relates to pesticide residue analysis, sampling for analysis, good laboratory practice, metabolism, environmental fate, effects on ecosystems, computer simulation models, toxicology, and risk assessment. The number of important, "pesticide-related" terms has more than doubled since 1996, when the first IUPAC glossary of this type was developed [1], an indication of how this field has become so integrated with many other scientific and regulatory disciplines.

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“…The first definition of bound residues in plants was published about 20 years ago in a IUPAC Pesticide Commission Report 1, 2. Other, similar, approaches were published later 3–8. Accordingly, the term non‐extractable residues is employed to identify the fraction of (pesticide‐derived) radioactivity remaining in the plant residuum (debris) after application of (exhaustive) extraction procedures, which, however, do not significantly alter the chemical nature of these residues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the bound residues of the fungicide cyprodinil formed in plant cell suspension cultures of wheat

Sapp

Ertunç

Bringmann

et al. 2003

Pest Management Science

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The non-extractable residues of the fungicide cyprodinil formed in heterotrophic cell suspension cultures of wheat were studied by application of [2-pyrimidyl-14 C] or [2-pyrimidyl-13 C]cyprodinil. The main objective was to examine whether solid-state and liquid 13 C NMR spectroscopy can be used to examine plant bound residues of pesticides. For 14 C experiments, wheat suspensions grown on glucose as carbon source were treated with 10 mg litre −1 of 14 C-cyprodinil. After incubation for 12 days, 20% of applied 14 C was detected as non-extractable residues. The cell debris were treated with 0.1 M HCl (reflux), 1.0 M HCl (reflux), buffer, or 2 M NaOH (50 • C); Björkman lignin and acidolysis lignin fractions were also prepared from the debris. Radioactivity liberated and solubilized by these procedures was examined by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that cyprodinil and primary metabolites contributed to the fungicide's bound residues. Most of the residues (12% of applied 14 C) remained associated with polar or polymeric/oligomeric endogenous cell materials in a stable manner. For the study with 13 C-cyprodinil, wheat suspensions were cultivated on 13 C-depleted glucose for four growth cycles, resulting in maximum 13 C depletion of the natural cell components to about 0.10%. During the fourth cycle, 13 C-labelled cyprodinil was applied, and cells were incubated (12 days). Cell debris was prepared and examined by solid-state 13 C NMR spectroscopy. Debris was then treated as described above in the 14 C experiment. Solubilized fractions were analyzed by liquid 13 C NMR spectroscopy. However, none of the 13 C NMR spectra recorded gave utilizable or unambiguous results, and all exhibited large inconsistencies, especially concerning the data from the conventional 14 C experiment.

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Pesticides report 40: Bound xenobiotic in food commodities of plant and animal origin (Technical Report)

Cited by 17 publications

References 22 publications

Metabolism and Residues of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in DAS-40278-9 Maize (Zea mays) Transformed with Aryloxyalkanoate Dioxygenase-1 Gene

Metabolism and Residues of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in DAS-40278-9 Maize (Zea mays) Transformed with Aryloxyalkanoate Dioxygenase-1 Gene

Glossary of terms relating to pesticides (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)

Characterization of the bound residues of the fungicide cyprodinil formed in plant cell suspension cultures of wheat

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