Pervaporation of the quaternary mixture present during the esterification of lactic acid with ethanol

Concentration by pervaporation of brown crab volatile compounds from dilute model solutions: Evaluation of PDMS membrane

“…Pervaporation experiments were performed with a plate and frame laboratory stainless steel permeation cell (Sulzer Chemtech  ) with an effective membrane area in contact with the feed mixture of 170 cm 2 [9]. The temperature of the feed liquid mixture was kept constant (± 0.5 ºC) by using a thermostat to heat the stirred tank feed reactor.…”

Ethyl lactate production via esterification of lactic acid with ethanol combined with pervaporation

“…Partial flux of each component in the mixture through the membrane PERVAP ® 2201 was evaluated through the expressions obtained in previous work [8], where it was shown that the water permeation flux was close to the total permeation flux. The water permeation flux (kg/hm 2 ) can be described by the following expression:…”

“…Our group has already studied the kinetics of the reaction using lactic acid aqueous solutions of 20 wt% [4] as well as the pervaporation performance of the membrane PERVAP ® 2201 for some of the binary mixtures involved in the esterification system and for the quaternary mixture [7,8], showing that this membrane presents high selectivity towards water. Based on these previous studies a model has been proposed to describe the integrated esterification-pervaporation process.…”

Styrene–butadiene rubber membranes for the pervaporative separation of benzene/cyclohexane mixtures

“…1,2,4-6 It comprised the following parts: a stainless steel pervaporation cell (capacity ¼ 125 cm 3 ), a pervaporation Pyrex-made receiving set fitted with vapor traps, and primary vacuum pump (160 Pa), Alcatel 2010 (France). The condensation of the pervaporate was done by means of liquid nitrogen.…”

“…Not only has pervaporation been a convenient process for the separation of mixtures, but its performance also has been extended to other undertakings such as the control of organic reactions [1][2][3][4][5] and the breakdown of microemulsions. [6][7][8] That pervaporation has gained a weighty foothold in separation processes on a laboratory scale is owed to the diversity of membrane types, which, in turn, is due to the availability of polymeric materials.…”