Perspectives for Monocyte/Macrophage-Based Diagnostics of Chronic Inflammation

Abstract

Low-grade chronic inflammation underlies the development of the most dangerous cardiometabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes and its vascular complications. In contrast to acute inflammation induced by bacteria and viruses, chronic inflammation can be driven by abnormal reaction to endogenous factors, including Th2 cytokines, metabolic factors like advanced glycation end products (AGEs), modified lipoproteins, or hyperglycemia. The key innate immune cells that recognize these factors in blood circulation are monocytes. Inflammatory programming of monocytes which migrate into tissues can, in turn, result into generation of tissue macrophages with pathological functions. Therefore, determination of the molecular and functional phenotype of circulating monocytes is a very promising diagnostic tool for the identification of hidden inflammation, which can precede the development of the pathology. Here we propose a new test system for the identification of inflammatory programming of monocytes: surface biomarkers and ex vivo functional system. We summarize the current knowledge about surface biomarkers for monocyte subsets, including CD16, CCR2, CX3CR1, CD64, stabilin-1 and CD36, and their association with inflammatory human disorders. Furthermore, we present the design of an ex vivo monocyte-based test system with minimal set of parameters as a potential diagnostic tool for the identification of personalized inflammatory responses.

Gene expression analysis of whole blood RNA from pigs infected with low and high pathogenic African swine fever viruses

“… Gene Log 2 Product Function Ref. Genes associated with monocyte macrophages PLA2G6 7.1 Cytosolic phospholipase A2a Production of bioactive lipids 81 MIR328 5.7 miR-328 Regulation of bacterial killing 82 CX3CR1 2.6 CX3C Chemokine receptor Receptor associated with wound repair 83 CCL5 * 1.7 Chemokine CCL5 Upregulated in ASFV-infected macrophages 69 NK/T cell-associated genes KLRK1 3.0 NKG2D Receptor for cell-mediated cytoxicity 84 GPR56 2.3 GPR56 Expressed on the surface of cytotoxic NK and T cells 85 GZMA * 1.9 Granzyme A Pro-apoptotic serine protease 78 NKL* 1.9 NK-lysin Antimicrobial peptide 76 FASLG 1.9 FAS ligand Pro-apoptotic protein 86 SEMA6D 3.8 Semaphorin 6D Regulates T cell function 87 Infection-associated genes RTF1 * 3.7 Rtf1 Regulation of gene transcription associated with adenovirus replication 75 Other genes SYTL2 2.0 Synaptotagmin-like protein 2 Epithelial cell developm...…”

Expression of CD163 and HLA-DR molecules on the monocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients

“…Under physiological conditions, the percentage of classical monocytes constitutes about 95% of all monocytes circulating in the peripheral blood. The role of the remaining 5% of CD16 + monocytes has not been clearly defined [7].…”

Dynamics of brain CD68+ and stabilin-1+ macrophage infiltration in patients with myocardial infarction

“…Stabilin-1+ макрофаги способны подавлять воспаление in vivo, обладают протективным эффектом [28,32]. Экспрессия stabilin-1 обнаружена на макрофагах при аутоиммунных заболевания, атеросклерозе, опухоль-ассоциированных макрофагах [33][34][35][36][37]. Однако исследования, посвященные роли рецептора stabilin-1 при поражениях центральной нервной системы, немногочисленны.…”