Personal hair dye use and the risk of bladder cancer: a case–control study from The Netherlands

Abstract

BackgroundSeveral studies have suggested an increased risk of bladder cancer among hairdressers, who are occupationally exposed to hair dyes. There has also been concern about a possible increased risk of bladder cancer among users of hair dyes. However, the association between personal hair dye use and bladder cancer risk remains inconclusive.ObjectiveIn this study, we examined associations between personal use of permanent and temporary hair dyes and bladder cancer risk in a population-based case–control study involving 1,385 cases (n = 246 women) and 4,754 controls (n = 2,587 women).MethodsParticipants filled out a questionnaire with regard to history of personal hair dye use and risk factors for bladder cancer. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for age, smoking status, duration of smoking and intensity of smoking.ResultsAnalyses were restricted to women as less than 5 % of all men in the study ever used hair dyes. About 50 % of the women ever used hair dyes. Use of temporary hair dyes (OR, 0.77; 95 % CI, 0.58–1.02) or use of permanent hair dyes (OR, 0.87; 95 % CI, 0.65–1.18) was not associated with bladder cancer risk. No clear association between hair dyes and bladder cancer risk was found when dye use was defined by type, duration or frequency of use, dye color, or extent of use. Also, results were similar for aggressive- and non-aggressive bladder cancer. Age, educational level, and smoking status did not modify the association between hair dye use and bladder cancer risk.ConclusionsThe present study does not support an association between personal hair dye use and bladder cancer risk. Also, various types of hair dye, intensity of exposure to hair dyes or dye color do not appear to be important factors for bladder cancer development.

Does hair dye use really increase the risk of prostate cancer?

“…Regarding the association between hair dye and cancers, we agree that some controversies still need to be clarified despite the positive association between hair dye and bladder cancers reported by case-control or meta-analysis studies from different countries [ 6 – 8 ]. Based on these epidemiologic studies and still many unknown risk factors related to prostate cancer, we conducted this case-control and case-only study to explore the association between the environment factors and the prostate cancer.…”

Does hair dye use really increase the risk of prostate cancer?

“…Regarding the association between hair dye and cancers, we agree that some controversies still need to be clarified despite the positive association between hair dye and bladder cancers reported by case-control or meta-analysis studies from different countries [ 6 – 8 ]. Based on these epidemiologic studies and still many unknown risk factors related to prostate cancer, we conducted this case-control and case-only study to explore the association between the environment factors and the prostate cancer.…”

Occupation, smoking, opium, and bladder cancer: A case–control study

“…[29] Unfortunately, this issue was not investigated in our study. However, some other studies did not find a significant association between hair color use and bladder cancer [29][30][31] and this issue is still controversial.…”

A systematic review of acquired bladder cancer risk factors

“…Compared with the general population, these changes appear to have reduced the relative risk of BC among hairdressers from 3–9 to 1.2–1.3. 34,39 –45…”

Does hair dye use really increase the risk of prostate cancer?

“…Regarding the association between hair dye and cancers, we agree that some controversies still need to be clarified despite the positive association between hair dye and bladder cancers reported by case-control or meta-analysis studies from different countries [ 6 – 8 ]. Based on these epidemiologic studies and still many unknown risk factors related to prostate cancer, we conducted this case-control and case-only study to explore the association between the environment factors and the prostate cancer.…”

Occupation, smoking, opium, and bladder cancer: A case–control study

“…[29] Unfortunately, this issue was not investigated in our study. However, some other studies did not find a significant association between hair color use and bladder cancer [29][30][31] and this issue is still controversial.…”

A systematic review of acquired bladder cancer risk factors

“…Compared with the general population, these changes appear to have reduced the relative risk of BC among hairdressers from 3–9 to 1.2–1.3. 34,39 –45…”

Does hair dye use really increase the risk of prostate cancer?

“…Regarding the association between hair dye and cancers, we agree that some controversies still need to be clarified despite the positive association between hair dye and bladder cancers reported by case-control or meta-analysis studies from different countries [ 6 – 8 ]. Based on these epidemiologic studies and still many unknown risk factors related to prostate cancer, we conducted this case-control and case-only study to explore the association between the environment factors and the prostate cancer.…”

Occupation, smoking, opium, and bladder cancer: A case–control study

“…[29] Unfortunately, this issue was not investigated in our study. However, some other studies did not find a significant association between hair color use and bladder cancer [29][30][31] and this issue is still controversial.…”

A systematic review of acquired bladder cancer risk factors

“…Compared with the general population, these changes appear to have reduced the relative risk of BC among hairdressers from 3–9 to 1.2–1.3. 34,39 –45…”