Persistent socioeconomic and racial and ethnic disparities in pathogen burden in the United States, 1999–2014

Stebbins, Rebecca C.; Noppert, Grace A.; Aiello, Allison E.; Cordoba, Evette; Ward, Julia B.; Feinstein, Lydia

doi:10.1017/s0950268819001894

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 34 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The ensuing background level of multiple layers of immune manipulation have been linked to chronic mental and physical diseases including autoimmunity [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ], increased speed of ageing [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ], and chronic inflammation [ 42 ]. Pathogen burden is highest among the most disadvantaged social groups [ 43 ]—who also experience lower lifespan.…”

Section: A Wider Context To Pathogen Interferencementioning

confidence: 99%

Roles for Pathogen Interference in Influenza Vaccination, with Implications to Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) and Attribution of Influenza Deaths

Jones¹,

Ponomarenko

2022

Infectious Disease Reports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pathogen interference is the ability of one pathogen to alter the course and clinical outcomes of infection by another. With up to 3000 species of human pathogens the potential combinations are vast. These combinations operate within further immune complexity induced by infection with multiple persistent pathogens, and by the role which the human microbiome plays in maintaining health, immune function, and resistance to infection. All the above are further complicated by malnutrition in children and the elderly. Influenza vaccination offers a measure of protection for elderly individuals subsequently infected with influenza. However, all vaccines induce both specific and non-specific effects. The specific effects involve stimulation of humoral and cellular immunity, while the nonspecific effects are far more nuanced including changes in gene expression patterns and production of small RNAs which contribute to pathogen interference. Little is known about the outcomes of vaccinated elderly not subsequently infected with influenza but infected with multiple other non-influenza winter pathogens. In this review we propose that in certain years the specific antigen mix in the seasonal influenza vaccine inadvertently increases the risk of infection from other non-influenza pathogens. The possibility that vaccination could upset the pathogen balance, and that the timing of vaccination relative to the pathogen balance was critical to success, was proposed in 2010 but was seemingly ignored. Persons vaccinated early in the winter are more likely to experience higher pathogen interference. Implications to the estimation of vaccine effectiveness and influenza deaths are discussed.

show abstract

Section: A Wider Context To Pathogen Interferencementioning

confidence: 99%

Roles for Pathogen Interference in Influenza Vaccination, with Implications to Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) and Attribution of Influenza Deaths

Jones¹,

Ponomarenko

2022

Infectious Disease Reports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, mice latently infected with herpesviruses were found to be resistant to infection with Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia pestis ( 115 ). A recent study in the United States found higher rates of seropositivity for HSV-1, HSV-2, and CMV in people of lower SES ( 116 ), but it is not clear that the putative immunostimulatory effects overcome the other disadvantages of these infections or of low SES.…”

Section: Evolution and Necessary Microbial Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution, the Immune System, and the Health Consequences of Socioeconomic Inequality

Rook

2022

mSystems

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Data from the United States show that socioeconomic status is a strong predictor of latent infection with CMV and other herpesviruses [ 43 ].…”

Section: CMVmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the interaction between cytomegalovirus and tuberculosis in children: The way forward

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Over 1 million children develop tuberculosis (TB) each year, with a quarter dying. Multiple factors impact the risk of a child being exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the risk of progressing to TB disease, and the risk of dying. However, an emerging body of evidence suggests that coinfection with cytomegalovirus (CMV), a ubiquitous herpes virus, impacts the host response to Mtb, potentially influencing the probability of disease progression, type of TB disease, performance of TB diagnostics, and disease outcome. It is also likely that infection with Mtb impacts CMV pathogenesis. Our current understanding of the burden of these 2 diseases in children, their immunological interactions, and the clinical consequence of coinfection is incomplete. It is also unclear how potential interventions might affect disease progression and outcome for TB or CMV. This article reviews the epidemiological, clinical, and immunological literature on CMV and TB in children and explores how the 2 pathogens interact, while also considering the impact of HIV on this relationship. It outlines areas of research uncertainty and makes practical suggestions as to potential studies that might address these gaps. Current research is hampered by inconsistent definitions, study designs, and laboratory practices, and more consistency and collaboration between researchers would lead to greater clarity. The ambitious targets outlined in the World Health Organization End TB Strategy will only be met through a better understanding of all aspects of child TB, including the substantial impact of coinfections.

show abstract

Persistent socioeconomic and racial and ethnic disparities in pathogen burden in the United States, 1999–2014

Cited by 21 publications

References 34 publications

Roles for Pathogen Interference in Influenza Vaccination, with Implications to Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) and Attribution of Influenza Deaths

Roles for Pathogen Interference in Influenza Vaccination, with Implications to Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) and Attribution of Influenza Deaths

Evolution, the Immune System, and the Health Consequences of Socioeconomic Inequality

Understanding the interaction between cytomegalovirus and tuberculosis in children: The way forward

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About