Perivascular inflammatory cells in ovine Visna/maedi encephalitis and their possible role in virus infection and lesion progression

Polledo, L.; González, J.; Benavides, Julio; Martínez-Fernández, B.; Ferreras, Ma del Carmen; Marı́n, Juan Francisco Garcı́a

doi:10.1007/s13365-012-0131-0

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In most cases viral presence was associated with inflammatory cells and p28 and gp135 proteins of SRLV were not observed in non-affected areas of infected tissues. This fact, together with the viral distribution around blood vessels in minimal lesions and spread to interstitial mammary tissue in moderate and severe lesions, agrees with the hypothesis of viral invasion via monocytes/macrophages [29, 36, 37]. Infection would begin in very focally concrete locations of the organ, related with different blood vessel, and then would spread to the rest of the tissue.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Characterization of minimal lesions related to the presence of visna/maedi virus in the mammary gland and milk of dairy sheep

Gayo

Polledo²,

Magalde

et al. 2019

BMC Vet Res

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Background In order to characterize the complete range of lesions, especially minimal, affecting mammary gland and viral antigen distribution and target cells using immunohistochemistry in naturally Visna/maedi (VM) 84 infected sheep were studied, forty-four from flocks with clinical cases (A) and 35 randomly sampled from two abattoirs (B) together with five negative controls (C). An immunocytochemistry technique was developed and further milk samples ( n = 39) were used to study viral excretion, carrier cells and the role of milk and colostrum in the transmission of the disease. Results All sheep from group C and three sheep from group B were negative to VM in tissue sections by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and PCR, and also in serum using ELISA. Several degrees of CD3 + lymphocytic interstitial mastitis were observed in groups A and B: minimal (+) n = 26 sheep; moderate (++), n = 32 and severe (+++), n = 12. No differences in lesion distribution were observed between groups A and B. Viral presence was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using two different antibodies and/or PCR in every tissue with lesions while serology was negative in six sheep with lesions. Two milk samples taken from milk tanks from two flocks from group A and fourteen milk samples from 29 infected sheep from group B were positive to VM (most of them from animals with moderate and severe lesions). Positivity was only found in macrophages, even in focal and minimal lesions, while no positivity was observed in epithelial or any other cells in either tissue and milk samples. Conclusions This new observation of the minimal lesions described in this work increased the prevalence of VM lesions in mammary gland up to 90.9% and VM should be considered as a differential diagnosis when minimal interstitial lesions are detected. A high prevalence of VM was observed in intensive milk-producing sheep, ELISA serology did not detect as positivity all infected animals, while histology, IHC or PCR showed higher sensitivity. The cytological technique developed was very useful in milk-cell studies using hematoxylin and eosin and immunocytochemistry. Viral detection in milk samples (16/39) confirms a potential but limited role of milk/colostrum in viral transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1855-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Characterization of minimal lesions related to the presence of visna/maedi virus in the mammary gland and milk of dairy sheep

Gayo

Polledo²,

Magalde

et al. 2019

BMC Vet Res

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“…They may provide imaging evidence of vascular and inflammatory changes in the brain. PVS are specific sites for immune cell accumulation, reaction and transmigration into the brain parenchyma (e.g., leukocytes, dendritic cells, T-cells, B-cells and macrophages ( Polledo et al, 2012 , Sagar et al, 2012 , Wuerfel et al, 2008 )). More PVS visible on MRI are associated with increasing age, cognitive impairment, cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) lacunar stroke and white matter hyperintensities, (WMH), multiple sclerosis, and may be related to altered blood brain barrier permeability ( Doubal et al, 2010 , MacLullich et al, 2004 , Potter, 2011 , Potter et al, 2013 , Wardlaw, 2010 , Zhu et al, 2010 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and initial evaluation of a semi-automatic approach to assess perivascular spaces on conventional magnetic resonance images

Wang

Hernández

Doubal

et al. 2016

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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“…PVS are an important drainage conduit for soluble and insoluble material through the central nervous system 3 . Many inflammatory processes take place in PVS; for example, PVS are a specific site for immune cell accumulation, reaction, and transmigration into the brain parenchyma (e.g., leukocytes, dendritic cells, T-cells, B-cells, and macrophages4, 5, 6). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endothelial Function, Inflammation, Thrombosis, and Basal Ganglia Perivascular Spaces in Patients with Stroke

Wang¹,

Chappell²,

Hernández³

et al. 2016

Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases

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Background and ObjectiveRecent studies suggest perivascular spaces are a marker of small vessel disease, blood–brain barrier permeability, and inflammation, but little is known about their risk factors and associations with peripheral blood markers.Materials and MethodsIn prospectively recruited patients with recent minor ischemic stroke, we investigated the influence of age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking on the severity of perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia seen on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. We assessed plasma markers of endothelial function (von Willebrand factor, intracellular adhesion molecule-1), inflammation (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein), and thrombosis (fibrinogen, prothrombin fragments 1 + 2, thrombin–antithrombin complex, tissue plasminogen activator, D-dimer). We used a validated semi-automated method to measure basal ganglia perivascular spaces count and volume. We tested uni- and multivariable associations between blood markers and basal ganglia perivascular spaces count and volume.FindingsIn 100 patients (median age: 67 years, range: 37-92), on adjusted analysis, basal ganglia perivascular spaces count was associated with age (r = .117, P = .003) and hypertension (r = 2.225, P = .013). On multivariable linear regression, adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, smoking and diabetes, reduced von Willebrand factor was associated with increased basal ganglia perivascular spaces count (r = −.025, P = .032).ConclusionThe association of increased basal ganglia perivascular spaces count with reduced von Willebrand factor is novel. As von Willebrand factor may promote cerebral endothelial integrity, insufficient von Willebrand factor is consistent with dysfunctional cerebral endothelium and increased basal ganglia perivascular spaces in cerebral small vessel disease. Quantitative perivascular spaces measurement may increase sensitivity to detect cerebral endothelial dysfunction.

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Perivascular inflammatory cells in ovine Visna/maedi encephalitis and their possible role in virus infection and lesion progression

Cited by 8 publications

References 32 publications

Characterization of minimal lesions related to the presence of visna/maedi virus in the mammary gland and milk of dairy sheep

Characterization of minimal lesions related to the presence of visna/maedi virus in the mammary gland and milk of dairy sheep

Development and initial evaluation of a semi-automatic approach to assess perivascular spaces on conventional magnetic resonance images

Endothelial Function, Inflammation, Thrombosis, and Basal Ganglia Perivascular Spaces in Patients with Stroke

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