Peripheral Cytokines and Chemokines in Alzheimer’s Disease

Lee, Kang Soo; Chung, Ji Hyung; Choi, Tai Kiu; Suh, Shin Young; Oh, Byoung Hoon; Hong, Chang Hyung

doi:10.1159/000245156

Cited by 122 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…The phagocytosed fibrillar amyloid beta peptide within microglia activates NLRP3 through lysosomal degradation leading to activation of caspase 1 that induces maturation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 [41,154]. However, independent of the brain immune response, raised levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines have been generally reported in AD subjects in both longitudinal as well as case-control studies, though significant variability has also been noted [155,156,157,158]. A systematic meta-analysis of published reports has clearly shown that raised serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1 are associated with increased risk of AD [159].…”

Section: Proinflammatory Cytokinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Risk Factors of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease: Implications in the Pathology, Pathogenesis and Treatment

Chakrabarti¹,

Khemka²,

Banerjee³

et al. 2015

Aging and disease

111

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Alzheimer's disease (AD), the major cause of dementia among the elderly world-wide, manifests in familial and sporadic forms, and the latter variety accounts for the majority of the patients affected by this disease. The etiopathogenesis of sporadic AD is complex and uncertain. The autopsy studies of AD brain have provided limited understanding of the antemortem pathogenesis of the disease. Experimental AD research with transgenic animal or various cell based models has so far failed to explain the complex and varied spectrum of AD dementia. The review, therefore, emphasizes the importance of AD related risk factors, especially those with metabolic implications, identified from various epidemiological studies, in providing clues to the pathogenesis of this complex disorder. Several metabolic risk factors of AD like hypercholesterolemia, hyperhomocysteinemia and type 2 diabetes have been studied extensively both in epidemiology and experimental research, while much less is known about the role of adipokines, proinflammatory cytokines and vitamin D in this context. Moreover, the results from many of these studies have shown a degree of variability which has hindered our understanding of the role of AD related risk factors in the disease progression. The review also encompasses the recent recommendations regarding clinical and neuropathological diagnosis of AD and brings out the inherent uncertainty and ambiguity in this area which may have a distinct impact on the outcome of various population-based studies on AD-related risk factors.

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Section: Proinflammatory Cytokinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Risk Factors of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease: Implications in the Pathology, Pathogenesis and Treatment

Chakrabarti¹,

Khemka²,

Banerjee³

et al. 2015

Aging and disease

111

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“…Several epidemiological and clinical studies have suggested that inflammation may have an important role in dementia, including AD pathogenesis (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Acute phase response to damaged tissue, expressing amyloid precursor protein, and gene polymorphisms of several inflammatory mediators are some hypotheses suggesting a role of inflammation in AD (6). Several longitudinal studies have also shown that inflammatory markers are related to dementia (2)(3)(4)7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alzheimer disease, inflammation, and novel inflammatory marker: resistin

Kızılarslanoğlu¹,

Kara²,

Yeşil³

et al. 2015

Turk J Med Sci

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Background/aim: Inflammation may play an important role in Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis. A growing amount of evidence indicates that resistin has hallmark regulatory functions such as inflammatory states. The aim of this study was to determine whether plasma resistin levels would be useful in the diagnosis of patients with AD and to investigate the relationships between resistin and other inflammatory markers such as hs-CRP and TNF-α. Materials and methods:In this cross-sectional study, 38 AD patients and 32 control subjects with normal cognitive function aged 65 years and over were included. The diagnosis of AD was made according to DSM-IV and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Serum levels of resistin were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method using the human resistin E50 kit. Results:The median resistin level of AD patients was significantly higher than in the control group (86.3 vs. 70.8 pg/mL, P = 0.002). Overall accuracy of resistin in determining AD was 70.66%, with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 75.0%, 65.5%, 73.0%, and 67.9%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between AD patients and control subjects with respect to hs-CRP and TNF-α levels. Conclusion:Resistin levels may be considered as a predictor of AD and it may predict activation of the immune system in AD pathophysiology.

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“…The chemokines constitute a large family of molecules that induces chemotaxis, leukocytes extravasation, and modulation of a variety of leukocytes functions 12 . There is growing evidence that chemokines and chemokine receptors are up-regulated in resident central nervous system (CNS) cells during AD, which may contribute to plaque-associated inflammation and neurodegeneration 13 . Of these, CCL2 is a member of the CC chemokine family that plays a significant role in inflammatory processes, including atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative disorders 14 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemokines in CSF of Alzheimer's disease patients

Corrêa

Starling

Teixeira

et al. 2011

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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Some studies have linked the presence of chemokines to the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Then, the identification of these mediators may contribute to diagnosis. Our objective was to evaluate the levels of beta-amyloid (BA), tau, phospho-tau (p-tau) and chemokines (CCL2, CXCL8 and CXCL10) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with AD and healthy controls. The correlation of these markers with clinical parameters was also evaluated. The levels of p-tau were higher in AD compared to controls, while the tau/p-tau ratio was decreased. The expression of CCL2 was increased in AD. A positive correlation was observed between BA levels and all chemokines studied, and between CCL2 and p-tau levels. Our results suggest that levels of CCL2 in CSF are involved in the pathogenesis of AD and it may be an additional useful biomarker for monitoring disease progression. Key words: Alzheimer's disease, cerebrospinal fluid, chemokines, inflammation.Quimiocinas no LCR de pacientes portadores da doença de Alzheimer RESUMO Alguns estudos têm relacionado a presença de quimiocinas com estágios iniciais da doença de Alzheimer (ALZ). A identificação desses mediadores pode contribuir para um diagnóstico precoce. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os níveis de beta-amiloide (BA), tau, fosfo-tau (p-tau) e quimiocinas (CCL2, CXCL8 e CXCL10) no líquido cefalorraquidiano dos pacientes com ALZ e controles saudáveis e a correlação destes marcadores com parâmetros clínicos. Os níveis de p-tau foram maiores nos pacientes com ALZ em relação aos controles, enquanto a razão tau/p-tau foi menor. Houve um aumento significativo de CCL2. Uma correlação positiva foi encontrada entre os níveis de BA e todas as quimiocinas estudadas e também entre os níveis de CCL2 e p-tau. Nossos resultados sugerem que a presença de CCL2 está envolvida na patogênese da ALZ e que esta quimiocina pode ser um marcador adicional para monitorar a progressão da doença. Palavras-chave: doença de Alzheimer, líquido cefalorraquidiano, quimiocinas, inflamação.

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Peripheral Cytokines and Chemokines in Alzheimer’s Disease

Cited by 122 publications

References 89 publications

Metabolic Risk Factors of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease: Implications in the Pathology, Pathogenesis and Treatment

Metabolic Risk Factors of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease: Implications in the Pathology, Pathogenesis and Treatment

Alzheimer disease, inflammation, and novel inflammatory marker: resistin

Chemokines in CSF of Alzheimer's disease patients

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