“…First of all, all confounding factors may have affected the long-term outcomes and not just the fact that implants were placed in smokers or nonsmokers, and the impact of these variables on the implant survival rate, postoperative infection, and marginal bone loss [131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138] is difficult to estimate if these confounding factors are not identified separately between the two different procedures in order to perform a meta-regression analysis. The studies included here have a considerable number of confounding factors, and most of the studies, if not all, did not inform how many implant were inserted and survived/lost in several different conditions.…”