Periodontal Status and Whole Salivary Cytokine Profile Among Smokers and Never‐Smokers With and Without Prediabetes

Abstract

Among controls, periodontal inflammation was worse, and whole salivary IL-1β and IL-6 levels are higher in smokers than never-smokers. Among patients with prediabetes, periodontal inflammation and whole salivary IL-1β and IL-6 levels were comparable between smokers and never-smokers.

Comparison of peri‐implant clinical and radiographic status around short (6 mm in length) dental implants placed in cigarette‐smokers and never‐smokers: Six‐year follow‐up results

“…This hypothesis was based results from previous clinical studies in which, oral soft tissue inflammation and alveolar bone loss (ABL) around natural teeth and dental implants was shown to be significantly higher among CS compared with NS. 7,16,19,20 Moreover, tobacco smoking increases the AGES-RAGE interactions thereby increasing the production of destructive inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-1b. 10,11 Increased levels of these cytokines in the oral fluids have been associated with the etiology of periodontal and peri-implant diseases.…”

Effect of scaling and root planing with and without adjunct use of an essential-oil-based mouthwash on whole salivary interleukin-1β levels in patients with periodontal disease: A short-term follow-up study

“…In a recent study, Javed et al [20] showed that SRP reduces hyperglycemia and periodontal infl ammation in patients with prediabetes. Moreover, studies [4,[21][22][23] have also reported that periodontal infl ammation is worse in smokers and individuals using smokeless tobacco products as compared to individuals not using tobacco in any form. It is speculated that SRP and regular oral hygiene maintenance reduces hyperglycemia and severity of periodontal disease in tobacco product users with as well as without prediabetes; however, most favorable outcomes may be achieved via patient education, strict glycemic maintenance, and quitting the tobacco smoking and chewing habits.…”

“…Unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) is a complex oral fl uid, which can be collected non-invasively [4]. Studies [5][6][7] have shown that a variety of infl ammatory biomarkers (such as interleukin [IL]-1beta (β), IL-6, and immunoglobulins) are expressed in the UWS of patients with oral and systemic disorders [5,6,8,9].…”

Short-term effects of scaling and root planing with or without adjunctive use of an essential-oil-based mouthwash in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in smokers

“…It is well known that periodontal infl ammatory conditions are worse in immunocompromised individuals and individuals chewing smokeless tobacco products [10,12,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] It is therefore hypothesized that the outcomes of SRP (regardless of using essential-oil-based mouthwash Duration of smoking habit (in years) 10.6 ± 3.5 10.5 ± 2.8…”