Periodization and Programming for Individual 400 m Medley Swimmers

Hermosilla, Francisco; González-Ravé, José María; Castillo, José Antonio Del; Pyne, David B.

doi:10.3390/ijerph18126474

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(98 reference statements)

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“…Repeated altitude exposure can decrease the initial negative effects of altitude ascents due to faster acclimatization via “hypoxic memory” ( Song et al, 2017 ; Mujika et al, 2019 ). Our results confirm the approach that swimmers should tailor repeated altitude exposures to emphasize the training goals of the macrocycle ( González-Ravé et al, 2021 ; Hermosilla et al, 2021 ). A period between 20–32 days seems to promote post-altitude performance peaking, but individualizing training will be important to identify the best time to compete after an altitude camp ( Wachsmuth et al, 2013 ; Hermosilla et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Our results confirm the approach that swimmers should tailor repeated altitude exposures to emphasize the training goals of the macrocycle ( González-Ravé et al, 2021 ; Hermosilla et al, 2021 ). A period between 20–32 days seems to promote post-altitude performance peaking, but individualizing training will be important to identify the best time to compete after an altitude camp ( Wachsmuth et al, 2013 ; Hermosilla et al, 2021 ). Pla et al (2020) reported comparable improvements in performance with a similar intervention program in Font Romeu with elite swimmers.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…The timing of a peak performance following altitude training is likely to be influenced by a combination of altitude acclimatization and de-acclimatization responses. The periodization and responses to training and tapering conducted at and after altitude are key considerations for the coach ( Hermosilla et al, 2021 ; González-Ravé et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Periodization of altitude training: A collective case study of high-level swimmers

et al. 2023

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The objective was to quantify parallel changes in performance and physiological measures in relation to periodization of sequential altitude training over a season in elite swimmers. The altitude training of four female and two male international swimmers in selected seasons was examined using a collective case study approach. All swimmers were a medalist in World (WC) and/or European Championships (EC) 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2018 in short or long course competition. A traditional periodization model was employed using three macrocycles with 3–4 altitude camps (duration 21–24 days each) scheduled over the season, following a polarized training intensity distribution (TID) with a volume ranged between 729 km and 862 km. The timing of return from altitude prior to competition was between 20–32 days, with 28 days the most common period. Competition performance was assessed with major (international) and minor (regional or national) competitions. Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, anthropometric characteristics, were measured before and after each camp. Competition performance following the altitude training camps improved by 0.6% ± 0.8% (personal best time; mean ± SD) (95% confidence limits (CL) 0.1%–1.1%), 1.6% ± 0.7% (95% CL 1.2% to 2.0%) (season best time) and 1.6% ± 0.5% (95% CL 1.3%–1.9%) (previous season time). Hemoglobin concentration increased 4.9% from pre-to post-altitude training camps, while hematocrit increased by 4.5%. The sum of six skinfolds reduced by 14.4% (95% CL 18.8%–9.9%) and 4.2% (95% CL 2.4%–9.2%) for the two males (EC), and by 15.8% (95% CL 19.5%–12.0%) for two females (WC). Three to four altitude training camps in a competitive season, around 21–24 days of duration, scheduling the last return between 20–32 days before the main competition, integrated in a traditional periodized sequence, can induce worthwhile improvements in international swimming performance, hematological parameters, and anthropometric characteristics.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Periodization of altitude training: A collective case study of high-level swimmers

et al. 2023

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“…Each annual cycle was divided into preparatory, competitive, and transition periods following the Matveyev model, with the aim of building aerobic capacity first through a period of high-volume/low-intensity training (LIT), before reducing volume and increasing the proportion of high-intensity training (HIT). The TP has been the most frequent model reported in individual sports such as swimming, 15,16 and track and field, and road distance events. [17][18][19] However, in road cycling, periodization has not been studied extensively enough to make informed, generalizable conclusions about the physiological impact of different phases in the model.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Training Periodization, Intensity Distribution, and Volume in Trained Cyclists: A Systematic Review

Galán-Rioja

Ravé

González-Mohíno

et al. 2023

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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A well-planned periodized approach endeavors to allow road cyclists to achieve peak performance when their most important competitions are held. Purpose: To identify the main characteristics of periodization models and physiological parameters of trained road cyclists as described by discernable training intensity distribution (TID), volume, and periodization models. Methods: The electronic databases Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched using a comprehensive list of relevant terms. Studies that investigated the effect of the periodization of training in cyclists and described training load (volume, TID) and periodization details were included in the systematic review. Results: Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Block periodization (characterized by employment of highly concentrated training workload phases) ranged between 1- and 8-week blocks of high-, medium-, or low-intensity training. Training volume ranged from 8.75 to 11.68 h·wk–1 and both pyramidal and polarized TID were used. Traditional periodization (characterized by a first period of high-volume/low-intensity training, before reducing volume and increasing the proportion of high-intensity training) was characterized by a cyclic progressive increase in training load, the training volume ranged from 7.5 to 10.76 h·wk–1, and pyramidal TID was used. Block periodization improved maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), peak aerobic power, lactate, and ventilatory thresholds, while traditional periodization improved VO2max, peak aerobic power, and lactate thresholds. In addition, a day-by-day programming approach improved VO2max and ventilatory thresholds. Conclusions: No evidence is currently available favoring a specific periodization model during 8 to 12 weeks in trained road cyclists. However, few studies have examined seasonal impact of different periodization models in a systematic way.

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“…Matveyev's original model of periodization was developed through monitoring of Soviet athletes preparing for the 1952 and 1956 Olympic Games [3]. Periodization continues to be a valid and reliable model for athletes and is the predominant training methodology used in individual sports such as swimming [4][5][6]. However, prior to Matveyev's seminal contribution to the topic, there was foundational work that underpins the theory of periodization [3,[7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reverse Periodization for Improving Sports Performance: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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Background Reverse periodization is commonly touted as a salient planning strategy to improve sport performance in athletes, but benefits have not been clearly described. Objectives We sought to identify the main characteristics of reverse periodization, and the influence of training volume and periodization models on enhancing physiological measures and sports performance. Design Systematic review. Methods The electronic databases Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science were searched using a comprehensive list of relevant terms. Results A total of 925 studies were identified, and after removal of duplicates and studies based on title and abstract screening, 17 studies remained, and 11 finally included in the systematic review. There was a total of 200 athletes in the included studies. Reverse periodization does not provide superior performance improvements in swimming, running, muscular endurance, maximum strength, or maximal oxygen uptake, compared to traditional or block periodization. The quality of evidence levels for the reverse periodization studies was 1b (individual randomized controlled trial) for two investigations, 2b (individual cohort study) for the remaining studies and a mean of 4.9 points in the PEDro scale (range 0–7). Conclusions It appears that reverse periodization is no more effective than other forms of periodization in improving sports performance. More comparative studies on this alternative version of periodization are required to verify its effectiveness and utility across a range of endurance sports.

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Periodization and Programming for Individual 400 m Medley Swimmers

Cited by 13 publications

References 65 publications

Periodization of altitude training: A collective case study of high-level swimmers

Periodization of altitude training: A collective case study of high-level swimmers

Training Periodization, Intensity Distribution, and Volume in Trained Cyclists: A Systematic Review

Reverse Periodization for Improving Sports Performance: A Systematic Review

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