Perinatal depression is associated with a higher polygenic risk for major depressive disorder than non‐perinatal depression

Kiewa, Jackie; Meltzer‐Brody, Samantha; Milgrom, J; Guintivano, Jerry; Hickie, Ian B.; Whiteman, David C.; Olsen, Catherine M.; Colodro‐Conde, Lucía; Medland, Sarah E.; Martin, Nicholas G.; Wray, Naomi R.; Byrne, Enda M.

doi:10.1002/da.23232

Cited by 18 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…49,50 Interestingly, the opposite was found in two studies, with major depression PRS being more strongly associated than BPD PRS. 50,52 Further, this study and Byrne et al 16 differ in methodology, sample characteristics and phenotype definitions, all of which could influence replicability. Indeed, we find evidence that the data used to define the PPD phenotype influences the strength of association, showing a stronger association with administrative records relative to self-report data (supplementary Fig.…”

Section: Heterogeneous Depression Chronic Disease Depression Postpart...mentioning

confidence: 76%

Risk factor profiles for depression following childbirth or a chronic disease diagnosis: case–control study

Jermy

Hagenaars²,

Coleman³

et al. 2022

BJPsych open

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Background Progress towards understanding the aetiology of major depression is compromised by its clinical heterogeneity. The variety of contexts underlying the development of a major depressive episode may contribute to such heterogeneity. Aims To compare risk factor profiles for three subgroups of major depression according to episode context. Method Using self-report questionnaires and administrative records from the UK Biobank, we characterised three contextual subgroups of major depression: postpartum depression (3581 cases), depression following diagnosis of a chronic disease (409 cases) and a more typical (named heterogeneous) major depression phenotype excluding the two other contexts (34 699 cases). Controls with the same exposure were also defined. We tested each subgroup for association with the polygenic risk scores (PRS) for major depression and with other risk factors previously associated with major depression (bipolar disorder PRS, neuroticism, reported trauma in childhood and adulthood, socioeconomic status, family history of depression, education). Results Major depression PRS was associated with all subgroups, but postpartum depression cases had higher PRS than heterogeneous major depression cases (OR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.02–1.10). Relative to heterogeneous depression, postpartum depression was more weakly associated with adulthood trauma and neuroticism. Depression following diagnosis of a chronic disease had weaker association with neuroticism and reported trauma in adulthood and childhood relative to heterogeneous depression. Conclusions The observed differences in risk factor profiles according to the context of a major depressive episode help provide insight into the heterogeneity of depression. Future studies dissecting such heterogeneity could help reveal more refined aetiological insights.

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Section: Heterogeneous Depression Chronic Disease Depression Postpart...mentioning

confidence: 76%

Risk factor profiles for depression following childbirth or a chronic disease diagnosis: case–control study

Jermy

Hagenaars²,

Coleman³

et al. 2022

BJPsych open

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“…While assessment of severity relies on the individual's self-report, previous analyses in the AGDS have shown that those reporting more severe depression have higher genetic risk to depression, 31 and the association between PND and more chronic course is also supported by genetic data. 32 Another key finding was that women without a prior history were more likely to report symptom onset in the postnatal period and were more likely to report longer duration of symptoms. This may reflect that women with a prior history may have had an ongoing episode of depression when they became pregnant, and we were unable to distinguish whether symptoms had started prior to the first trimester.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“… 22 While assessment of severity relies on the individual’s self-report, previous analyses in the AGDS have shown that those reporting more severe depression have higher genetic risk to depression, 31 and the association between PND and more chronic course is also supported by genetic data. 32 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifetime prevalence and correlates of perinatal depression in a case-cohort study of depression

et al. 2022

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ObjectivesThis study sought to evaluate the prevalence, timing of onset and duration of symptoms of depression in the perinatal period (PND) in women with depression, according to whether they had a history of depression prior to their first perinatal period. We further sought to identify biopsychosocial correlates of perinatal symptoms in women with depression.Design and settingThe Australian Genetics of Depression Study is an online case cohort study of the aetiology of depression. For a range of variables, women with depression who report significant perinatal depressive symptoms were compared with women with lifetime depression who did not experience perinatal symptoms.ParticipantsIn a large sample of parous women with major depressive disorder (n=7182), we identified two subgroups of PND cases with and without prior depression history (n=2261; n=878, respectively).Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was a positive screen for PND on the lifetime version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Descriptive measures reported lifetime prevalence, timing of onset and duration of PND symptoms. There were no secondary outcome measures.ResultsThe prevalence of PND among parous women was 70%. The majority of women reported at least one perinatal episode with symptoms both antenatally and postnatally. Of women who experienced depression prior to first pregnancy, PND cases were significantly more likely to report more episodes of depression (OR=1.15 per additional depression episode, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.17, p<0.001), non-European ancestry (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.1, p=0.03), severe nausea during pregnancy (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.6, p=0.006) and emotional abuse (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.7, p=0.005).ConclusionsThe majority of parous women with lifetime depression in this study experienced PND, associated with more complex, severe depression. Results highlight the importance of perinatal assessments of depressive symptoms, particularly for women with a history of depression or childhood adverse experiences.

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“…Hence, considering that item 14 may be meaningful to some perinatal crowds in China, it is necessary for future studies to apply appropriate adjustments and retest this item. For item 7, whether or not genetic and inherited problems are the etiology of PPD is still controversial at present ( Starnawska et al, 2021 ; Kiewa et al, 2022 ). Meanwhile, some experts pointed out in the first round of expert consultations that since genetic and inherited problems are incurable, item 7 could be a double-edged sword for perinatal women; on one hand, this item could enlighten the participants with genetic and inherited problems related to depression to pay more attention to their mental health during the perinatal period, while on the other hand, it might increase their concerns about developing PPD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the postpartum depression literacy scale

et al. 2022

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Background and aimThe postpartum depression literacy (PoDLi) of perinatal women is closely related to the occurrence, recognition, and treatment of postpartum depression, therefore valid instruments for evaluating the level of PoDLi are of great significance for both research and clinical practice. This study aimed to cross-culturally adapt the postpartum depression literacy scale (PoDLiS) into Chinese and to test its psychometric properties among Chinese perinatal women.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2022 in a tertiary hospital in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. 619 out of the 650 perinatal women that were approached via a convenience sampling method completed the Chinese version of the PoDLiS (C-PoDLiS). Content validity [the content validity index of items (I-CVI) and scale-level content validity index (S-CVI)] was evaluated by an expert panel. Psychometric properties, including item analysis, structure validity (exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis), convergent and discriminant validity, reliability (internal consistency, test-retest reliability), criterion validity (concurrent validity, predictive validity), and floor/ceiling effect were examined.ResultsThe final version of C-PoDLiS is a six-factor structure consisting of 27 items, which explained 61.00% of the total variance. Adequate content validity (I-CVI = 0.833–1.00, S-CVI = 0.920) was ensured by the expert panel. The modified confirmatory factor analysis model revealed that the 6-factor model fitted the data well (χ2/df = 1.532, root mean square error of approximation = 0.042, goodness of fit = 0.900, incremental fit index = 0.949, comparative fit index = 0.948, Tucker–Lewis index = 0.940). The total Cronbach’s α was 0.862, the total McDonald’s ω was 0.869, and the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.856. Results of convergent validity (average variance extracted = 0.486–0.722) and discriminant validity provided good or acceptable psychometric support. Significant correlations between scores of the C-PoDLiS and Mental health literacy scale (r = 0.155–0.581, p < 0.01) and Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help short form scale (r = 0.361–0.432, p < 0.01) supported good concurrent and predictive validity, respectively. No floor/ceiling effect was found.ConclusionThe C-PoDLiS was demonstrated to be a sound instrument with good reliability and validity for evaluating Chinese perinatal women’s PoDLi levels. Its use in the future can facilitate data aggregation and outcome comparisons across different studies on this topic.

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Perinatal depression is associated with a higher polygenic risk for major depressive disorder than non‐perinatal depression

Cited by 18 publications

References 78 publications

Risk factor profiles for depression following childbirth or a chronic disease diagnosis: case–control study

Risk factor profiles for depression following childbirth or a chronic disease diagnosis: case–control study

Lifetime prevalence and correlates of perinatal depression in a case-cohort study of depression

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the postpartum depression literacy scale

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