“…Therefore, insect meals could partially replace soybean products in poultry diets without affecting feed efficiency ( Leiber et al, 2015 ). However, it has been shown that total substitution at early stages is inappropriate given the production losses involved ( Nieto et al, 2022 ). This could be explained by the hard outer chitin layer of insects, which is difficult to digest by domestic birds ( Ravindran and Blair, 1993 ), especially in the early stages of life when the digestive system of chicks is very immature.…”