Performance of CVD diamond detectors for single ion beam-tagging applications in hadrontherapy monitoring

Curtoni, S.; Gallin-Martel, M.-L.; Marcatili, Sara; Abbassi, L.; Bès, A.; Bosson, G.; Collot, J.; Crozes, T.; Dauvergne, D.; Nolf, Wout De; Everaere, Pierre; Gallin-Martel, L.; Ghimouz, Abderrahmane; Haddad, Férid; Hoarau, Christophe; Hostachy, J-Y.; Koumeir, Charbel; Lacoste, A.; Métivier, Vincent; Morse, J.; Motte, J.-F.; Muraz, J.F.; Poirier, F.; Rarbi, F.; Rossetto, O.; Salomé, Murielle; Servagent, Noël; Testa, É.; Yamouni, M.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2021.165757

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In a previous experiment, the intrinsic time resolution of the diamond was measured to be 360 ps (FWHM) when reading-out a single face of the detector. Under these conditions, the diamond time resolution is expected to be overestimated by 50–70 ps (FWHM) with respect to experiments in which signals from both sides are summed-up for analysis 25 . Despite the measured time resolution can not be directly compared to the CTR measured in this work, it still appears obvious that, for 148 MeV, the system CTR is now dominated by the beam monitor, with the TIARA detection module contributing for less than 167 ps (FWHM).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…A single crystal (sc) diamond detector of mm volume from Element6 [ https://e6cvd.com/ ] was used as a beam monitor to tag in time the incident protons. The diamond was read-out on both faces using a commercial C2 preamplifier from Cividec [ https://cividec.at/electronics-C2.html ]; the two signals were summed up for analysis in order to increase the SNR and therefore improve the time resolution as proposed by Curtoni et al 25 . A 8 mm thick, 2 mm diameter brass collimator was used to match the beam size to the limited diamond detection surface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A high sensitivity Cherenkov detector for prompt gamma timing and time imaging

Jacquet

Ansari

Gallin-Martel

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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We recently proposed a new approach for the real-time monitoring of particle therapy treatments with the goal of achieving high sensitivities on the particle range measurement already at limited counting statistics. This method extends the Prompt Gamma (PG) timing technique to obtain the PG vertex distribution from the exclusive measurement of particle Time-Of-Flight (TOF). It was previously shown, through Monte Carlo simulation, that an original data reconstruction algorithm (Prompt Gamma Time Imaging) allows to combine the response of multiple detectors placed around the target. The sensitivity of this technique depends on both the system time resolution and the beam intensity. At reduced intensities (Single Proton Regime—SPR), a millimetric proton range sensitivity can be achieved, provided the overall PG plus proton TOF can be measured with a 235 ps (FWHM) time resolution. At nominal beam intensities, a sensitivity of a few mm can still be obtained by increasing the number of incident protons included in the monitoring procedure. In this work we focus on the experimental feasibility of PGTI in SPR through the development of a multi-channel, Cherenkov-based PG detector with a targeted time resolution of 235 ps (FWHM): the TOF Imaging ARrAy (TIARA). Since PG emission is a rare phenomenon, TIARA design is led by the concomitant optimisation of its detection efficiency and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The PG module that we developed is composed of a small PbF$$_{2}$$ 2 crystal coupled to a silicon photoMultiplier to provide the time stamp of the PG. This module is currently read in time coincidence with a diamond-based beam monitor placed upstream the target/patient to measure the proton time of arrival. TIARA will be eventually composed of 30 identical modules uniformly arranged around the target. The absence of a collimation system and the use of Cherenkov radiators are both crucial to increase the detection efficiency and the SNR, respectively. A first prototype of the TIARA block detector was tested with 63 MeV protons delivered from a cyclotron: a time resolution of 276 ps (FWHM) was obtained, resulting in a proton range sensitivity of 4 mm at 2$$\sigma$$ σ with the acquisition of only 600 PGs. A second prototype was also evaluated with 148 MeV protons delivered from a synchro-cyclotron obtaining a time resolution below 167 ps (FWHM) for the gamma detector. Moreover, using two identical PG modules, it was shown that a uniform sensitivity on the PG profiles would be achievable by combining the response of gamma detectors uniformly distributed around the target. This work provides the experimental proof-of-concept for the development of a high sensitivity detector that can be used to monitor particle therapy treatments and potentially act in real-time if the irradiation does not comply to treatment plan.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A high sensitivity Cherenkov detector for prompt gamma timing and time imaging

Jacquet

Ansari

Gallin-Martel

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…Sadrozinski et al (2018) had previously found TOF resolutions of an LGAD sensor of around 30 ps. Curtoni et al (2021) studied the performance of Chemical Vapor Deposition diamond detectors in the context of ion beam therapy monitoring and reported time resolutions on the order of 100-200 ps between two sensor planes for protons depending on the energy, and as low as 13 ps for carbon ions. As the time resolution of these sensors depends on the particle's stopping power, it would benefit from an as low as possible residual energy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative stopping power resolution in time-of-flight proton CT

Krah¹,

Dauvergne²,

Létang³

et al. 2022

Phys. Med. Biol.

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Objective Proton computed tomography (CT) is similar to x-ray CT but relies on protons rather than photons to form an image. In its most common operation mode, the measured quantity is the amount of energy that a proton has lost while traversing the imaged object from which a relative stopping power map can be obtained via tomographic reconstruction. To this end, a calorimeter which measures the energy deposited by protons downstream of the scanned object has been studied or implemented as energy detector in several proton CT prototypes. An alternative method is to measure the proton’s residual velocity and thus its kinetic energy via the time of flight (TOF) between at least two sensor planes. In this work, we study the RSP resolution, seen as image noise, which can be expected from TOF proton CT systems. Approach We rely on physics models on the one hand and statistical models of the relevant uncertainties on the other to derive closed form expressions for the noise in projection images. The TOF measurement error scales with the distance between the TOF sensor planes and is reported as velocity error in ps/m. We use variance reconstruction to obtain noise maps of a water cylinder phantom given the scanner characteristics and additionally reconstruct noise maps for a calorimeter-based proton CT system as reference. We use Monte Carlo simulations to verify our model and to estimate the noise due to multiple Coulomb scattering inside the object. We also provide a comparison of TOF helium and proton CT. Main results We find that TOF proton CT with 30 ps/m velocity error reaches similar image noise as a calorimeter-based proton CT system with 1% energy error (1 sigma error). A TOF proton CT system with a 50 ps/m velocity error produces slightly less noise than a 2% calorimeter system. Noise in a reconstructed TOF proton CT image is spatially inho- mogeneous with a marked increase towards the object periphery. Our modelled noise was consistent with Monte Carlo simulated images. TOF helium CT offers lower RSP noise at equal fluence, but is less advantageous at equal imaging dose. Significance This systematic study of image noise in TOF proton CT can serve as a guide for future developments of this alternative solution for estimating the residual energy of protons and helium ions after the scanned object.

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“…Sadrozinski et al (2018) had previously found TOF resolutions of an LGAD sensor of around 30 ps. Curtoni et al (2021) studied the performance of Chemical Vapor Deposition diamond detectors in the context of ion beam therapy monitoring and reported time resolutions on the order of 100-200 ps for protons depending on the energy, and as low as 13 ps for carbon ions. Based on our results, some of these new sensor types could be suitable for TOF proton CT in terms of time resolution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative stopping power precision in time-of-flight proton CT

Krah,

Dauvergne,

Létang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Objective Proton computed tomography (CT) is similar to x-ray CT but relies on protons rather than photons to form an image. In its most common operation mode, the measured quantity is the amount of energy that a proton has lost while traversing the imaged object from which a relative stopping power map can be obtained via tomographic reconstruction. To this end, a calorimeter which measures the energy deposited by protons downstream of the scanned object has been studied or implemented as energy detector in several proton CT prototypes. An alternative method is to measure the proton's residual velocity and thus its kinetic energy via the time of flight (TOF) between at least two sensor planes. In this work, we study the precision, i.e. image noise, which can be expected from TOF proton CT systems.Approach We rely on physics models on the one hand and statistical models of the relevant uncertainties on the other to derive closed form expressions for the noise in projection images. The TOF measurement error scales with the distance between the TOF sensor planes and is reported as velocity error in ps/m. We use variance reconstruction to obtain noise maps of a water cylinder phantom given the scanner characteristics and additionally reconstruct noise maps for a calorimeter-based proton CT system as reference. Main resultsWe find that TOF proton CT with 30 ps/m velocity error reaches similar image noise as a calorimeter-based proton CT system with 1% energy error (1 sigma error). A TOF proton CT system with a 50 ps/m velocity error produces slightly less noise than a 2% calorimeter system. Noise in a reconstructed TOF proton CT image is spatially inhomogeneous with a marked increase towards the object periphery.Significance This systematic study of image noise in TOF proton CT can serve as a guide for future developments of this alternative solution for estimating the residual energy of protons after the scanned object.

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Performance of CVD diamond detectors for single ion beam-tagging applications in hadrontherapy monitoring

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

A high sensitivity Cherenkov detector for prompt gamma timing and time imaging

A high sensitivity Cherenkov detector for prompt gamma timing and time imaging

Relative stopping power resolution in time-of-flight proton CT

Relative stopping power precision in time-of-flight proton CT

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