Perceptions of police legitimacy and bias from ages 13 to 22 among Black, Latino, and White justice-involved males.

Fine, Adam; Amemiya, Jamie; Frick, Paul J.; Steinberg, Laurence; Cauffman, Elizabeth

doi:10.1037/lhb0000445

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…The findings from the seminal pieces listed above, in addition to more recent studies with similar results (Fine et al, 2021;Foster, Jones, & Pierce, 2022), have informed a nationwide push for police reform. These reform efforts have mostly attempted to change officers' behaviors, whether through the use of body-worn cameras (Lum, Stoltz, Koper, & Scherer, 2019), de-escalation training (Engel, McManus, & Herold, 2020) or procedural justice training (Fildes, Murphy, & Porter, 2019).…”

Section: Guardians and Warriorsmentioning

confidence: 78%

“Dickheads” and “Cool Cops”: The Impact of Officers’ Perceived Cultural and Contextual Competence on Black Men's Appraisals of Police

Henson

2022

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency

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Public support for police reached a record low during the summer of 2020. To ameliorate police-community relations, research has sought to identify how community attitudes towards police are built. Studies often find that Black individuals are less likely to trust and be satisfied with police than their non-Black counterparts largely due to negative direct and vicarious experiences. This finding has led to an empirical focus on how officers engage, with limited research on why officers engage in certain ways. Without analyzing motives for conduct, the critical gaze remains blind to broader social and cultural issues that may inform and motivate some officers’ harmful and discriminatory actions. The current study highlights how Black men implicate segregation, media-induced miseducation, cultural and contextual incompetence, and hostile police culture for mutual distrust and officers’ misconduct. These findings promote harm reductionist policy to enhance officers’ cultural and contextual competence and encourage researchers and practitioners to consider an abolitionist agenda that a) focuses on the implementation and evaluation of novel and existing trauma-informed, community-based means of addressing harm in order to ultimately dissolve police power, and b) promotes cultural shifts by increasing diverse learning opportunities and critical curriculum in educational spaces.

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Section: Guardians and Warriorsmentioning

confidence: 78%

“Dickheads” and “Cool Cops”: The Impact of Officers’ Perceived Cultural and Contextual Competence on Black Men's Appraisals of Police

Henson

2022

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency

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“…The results of this study comport with those findings, similarly indicating that youths’ perceptions of police legitimacy, measured here using a more modern measure of legitimacy in the form of normative alignment, appear to decline during late childhood. Other research, with justice-involved youth, finds that there appears to be a U-shaped curve in perceptions of law enforcement (Fine et al, 2021). Specifically, youths’ perceptions of police legitimacy appear to decline during adolescence, reach their lowest point around age 18, and then improve somewhat during the transition to young adulthood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why do children cooperate with police? The nexus of the authority relations and cognitive developmental perspectives

Fine

Tom

2023

Group Processes & Intergroup Relations

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Police must rely on the public’s cooperation; however, youths’ views of police are historically low. To understand the dynamics of these intergroup relations, this study integrates two theoretical perspectives: the cognitive developmental perspective, which posits that age-graded cognitive enhancements enable children to begin critically evaluating police; and the group engagement model, which suggests that views of police impact law-related behavior. Utilizing a sample of 424 community youth (37.97% Hispanic/Latinx, 19.81% Native American), this study tested four novel hypotheses: H1: Age is negatively associated with youths’ willingness to cooperate (WTC) with police; H2: Age is negatively associated with normative alignment with police; H3: Normative alignment is positively associated with WTC; and H4: Normative alignment is more strongly associated with older youths’ WTC. All four hypotheses were supported. The article discusses the implications of both the integration of these theoretical perspectives and the findings for understanding the effects of these intergroup dynamics.

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“…Yet, with few exceptions (Fine et al, 2017; Woolard et al, 2008), little research has examined how differences in age and race relate to delinquent and rule-violating behavior. Given that life-course offenders often commit serious, delinquent behavior beginning in early adolescence, it is important to understand and inhibit delinquent activity and other rule-violating behavior among youth (Fine et al, 2021; Nivette et al, 2020; Pina-Sánchez & Brunton-Smith, 2020).…”

Section: Legal Socializationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial differences in legal socialization models across adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Cole¹,

Moschella-Smith²,

Hennigan³

et al. 2023

Law and Human Behavior

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Objective: White and non-White adolescents report different experiences in the legal system. This disparity impacts their evaluations of, and attitudes toward, legal authorities such that non-White and older adolescents tend to perceive the legal system more negatively. Yet, many researchers assume that the process of legal socialization, which involves internalizing norms and information about the law and the legal system, is universal for all ages and races. Hypotheses: We hypothesized that legal socialization models would change over the course of adolescent development and would differ by race. Method: We used data from two longitudinal studies to examine racial differences in the integrated legal socialization model in early, middle, and late adolescence. Study 1 included 140 young adolescents (59% White, 41% non-White), and Study 2 included 296 midadolescents (82% White, 18% non-White) followed into late adolescence/emerging adulthood. Results: Study 1 identified differences in the integrated legal socialization model for young White and non-White adolescents. Normative status predicted rule-violating behavior for White participants, whereas no predictors or mediators related to rule-violating behavior for non-White participants. In Study 2, legal and moral reasoning during midadolescence became relevant in the model for both groups. Enforcement status predicted rule-violating behavior for non-White youth, whereas normative status continued to predict rule-violating behavior for White youth. In late adolescence/emerging adulthood, differences in the model shifted toward the relation between reasoning and legal attitudes. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that legal socialization is a developmental process occurring and changing throughout adolescence and that this developmental process differs for White and non-White youth. Public Significance StatementThe findings of this study indicate that legal socialization may not be a "one-size-fits-all" process across youth of different racial backgrounds. It is important that researchers explore the different cognitive processes that occur in adolescence, in addition to youths' differing experiences with the law, to better understand legal socialization for youth of color. Practitioners and policy makers should also take a tailored and more sensitive approach when implementing delinquency-reduction techniques and programs for youth of different racial backgrounds.

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Perceptions of police legitimacy and bias from ages 13 to 22 among Black, Latino, and White justice-involved males.

Cited by 16 publications

References 103 publications

“Dickheads” and “Cool Cops”: The Impact of Officers’ Perceived Cultural and Contextual Competence on Black Men's Appraisals of Police

“Dickheads” and “Cool Cops”: The Impact of Officers’ Perceived Cultural and Contextual Competence on Black Men's Appraisals of Police

Why do children cooperate with police? The nexus of the authority relations and cognitive developmental perspectives

Racial differences in legal socialization models across adolescence and emerging adulthood.

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