Perceived Exertion as a Part of a Feedback System and its Interaction with Tactical Behaviour in Endurance Sports

Deception Studies Manipulating Centrally Acting Performance Modifiers

“…The setting of pace is based upon prior knowledge and experience of the task, commonly referred to as the concept of teleoanticipation (68). It has been suggested that teleoanticipation has a greater influence on pace than physiological feedback (1), supported by the observation that athletes maintain submaximal levels of work for the majority of an event then suddenly increase effort towards the end (67).…”

“…Psychological and physiological state, expected distance, previous experience, motivation and self-belief are all informative factors used for a calculation of initial pace (44). Once the exercise task begins, on-going adjustments to pace operate via a feedback control loop, including both endogenous physiological information, and exogenous sensory information about the external environment (68,69). Physiological responses to exercise have been suggested to occur as part of a complex integration system, where physiological changes interact with each other through feedforward and feedback systems (52,62).…”

Previous experience influences pacing during 20 km time trial cycling

“…In a recent study, cyclists who believed in the ergogenic effects of caffeine were found to perform better during a 40 km time trial compared with non-believing cyclists, even though they had only taken a non-caffiene placebo 11. Beliefs have been defined as, “… a person's subjective probability judgements concerning some discriminable aspect of his world; they deal with a person's understanding of himself and his environment [which] … at the descriptive end of the continuum are directly tied to the stimulus situation and at the inferential end of the continuum are formed on the basis of these stimuli and past experiences.” (p. 131)12 The stimulus situation in this definition is synonymous with Ulmer's concept of exogenous reference signals which he explains influence the black box calculations responsible for efferent muscular control 13 14. During exercise, sensations of exertion are consciously interpreted by drawing upon mental representations and beliefs that have been constructed and reinforced through similar experiences that have occurred in the past 3.…”

Cognition and performance: anxiety, mood and perceived exertion among Ironman triathletes

“…It has been suggested that the regulation of intensity during self-paced endurance exercise occurs in a feed-forward manner derived from information about the physiological state of the body,1–4 sensory information about the external environment5–7 and cognitive interactions between previous experience and knowledge of distance to the endpoint 8–14. This teleoanticipation operates by means of a feedback control loop, monitoring afferent feedback from the body as well as processing sensory information from the external environment 6 7.…”