Penetration enhancers in proniosomes as a new strategy for enhanced transdermal drug delivery

Abstract

The aim of this work is to investigate penetration enhancers in proniosomes as a transdermal delivery system for nisoldipine. This was performed with the goal of optimising the composition of proniosomes as transdermal drug delivery systems. Plain proniosomes comprising sorbitan monostearate, cholesterol, ethanol and a small quantity of water were initially prepared. Subsequently, proniosomes containing lecithin or skin penetration enhancers were prepared and evaluated for transdermal delivery of nisoldipine. The plain proniosomes significantly enhanced the transdermal flux of nisoldipine to reach 12.18 μg cm(-2) h(-1) compared with a saturated aqueous drug solution which delivered the drug at a rate of 0.46 μg cm(-2) h(-1). Incorporation of lecithin into such proniosomes increased the drug flux to reach a value of 28.51 μg cm(-2) h(-1). This increase can be attributed to the penetration enhancing effect of lecithin fatty acid components. Replacing lecithin oleic acid (OA) produced proniosomes of comparable efficacy to the lecithin containing system. The transdermal drug flux increased further after incorporation of propylene glycol into the OA based proniosomes. Similarly, incorporation of isopropyl myristate into plain proniosomes increased drug flux. The study introduced enhanced proniosomes as a promising transdermal delivery carrier and highlighted the role of penetration enhancing mechanisms in enhanced proniosomal skin delivery. The study opened the way for another line of optimisation of niosome proconcentrates.

Proniosomes derived niosomes: recent advancements in drug delivery and targeting

“…Furthermore, low cost, more stability, entrapping of more substances, ease of handling, ease of formulation and storage, less prone to oxidation and availability of prepared materials in pure form exploit them a propitious drug delivery system, and superior to liposomes (Paecharoenchai et al, 2013;Zaki Ahmad et al, 2014). Niosomes also undergo fusion, aggregation, sedimentation, leakage of entrapped drugs on storage, and loss of vesicular integrity thus, limiting their shelf life (El-Laithy et al, 2011;Shaker et al, 2013;El Maghraby et al, 2015;Madan et al, 2016).…”

Synthesis of nano‐niosomal deferoxamine and evaluation of its functional characteristics to apply as an iron‐chelating agent

“…After hydration, the solution was sonicated in an ultrasonic probe for at least 3 min to prepare the DFO encapsulated PEGylated nano‐niosome. A predetermined amount of the drug was added to the previously prepared solution, which was then processed as mentioned above …”

Design of an Inflammation-Sensitive Polyelectrolyte-Based Topical Drug Delivery System for Arthritis

“…The most widely investigated permeation enhancer is oleic acid, an FDA approved, monostructured fatty acid and membrane fluidizing agent. Several studies have suggested that oleic acid can stimulate the lipid bilayer of stratum corneum of skin, hence, the modification of nanoparticles with oleic acid can open the channels in the stratum corneum and thereby enhance the permeation of macromolecules into the deeper layer of the skin (30,31). In the current study, we have used two permeation enhancers, viz.…”