Pen-Sized Digital 30-Second Blood Glucose Meter

Holman, R. R.; Bown, E.; Steemson, J; Watson, A. D. J.; Hughes, Sarah M.; Scott, D.B.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92802-9

Cited by 234 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Bio-sensing technology, for example an electrochemical approach such as that used by diabetics for glucose monitoring using WB [10,11] could offer a rapid, low cost alternative. An electrochemical method incorporating an antibody immobilised onto a screen-printed carbon electrode has been developed by our group for detection of picomolar concentrations of estradiol [12] and could be adapted for measurement of soluble markers in WB.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of whole blood for analysis of disease-associated biomarkers

May

Pemberton

Hart

et al. 2013

Analytical Biochemistry

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of whole blood for analysis of disease-associated biomarkers

May

Pemberton

Hart

et al. 2013

Analytical Biochemistry

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“…The system has now been developed commercially into a single-use disposable strip with a pen-sized meter into which it is inserted to make the electrochemical measurements [74]. No sample pre-treatment is required; readings can be taken on a drop of blood.…”

Section: Analytical Systems Based On Mediated Electron Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct and indirect electron transfer between electrodes and redox proteins

Frew¹,

Hill

1988

European Journal of Biochemistry

297

118

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The direct electrochemistry of redox proteins has been achieved at a variety of electrodes, including modified gold, pyrolytic graphite and metal oxides. Careful design of electrode surfaces and electrolyte conditions are required for the attainment of rapid and reversible protein-electrode interaction. The electron transfer reactions of more complex systems, such as redox enzymes, are now being examined. The 'well-behaved' electrochemistry of redox proteins can be usefully exploited by coupling the electrode reaction to enzymes for which the redox proteins act as cofactors. In systems where direct electron transfer is very slow, small electron carriers, or mediators, may be employed to enhance the rate of electron exchange with the electrode. The organometallic compound ferrocene and its derivatives have proved particularly effective in this role. A new generation of electrochemical biosensors employs ferrocene derivatives as mediators.Many of the fundamental processes in Nature rely upon the redox processes of constituent biomolecules. Cell respiration involves the stepwise oxidation of organic substrates via a cascade of redox reactions. In photosynthetic organisms, chains of electron carriers, for example, flavoproteins, ironsulphur proteins and cytochromes, participate in light-induced photosynthetic electron transport. The intrinsic mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, and the detailed role of the protein in aiding the electron transfer between redox centres, have become foci for extensive physical and biochemical investigations [l].Electrochemistry provides a powerful tool for examining electron transfer properties. The molecules of particular interest are redox-active proteins and enzymes. Although there have been many investigations of the electrochemical behaviour of the isolated and 'free' prosthetic groups [2, 31, the properties of the latter in an intact protein are so perturbed that to gain an understanding of their biological role, it is essential to have information on the behaviour of the proteins themselves.Only relatively recently has the feasibility of studying the electron transfer reactions of redox proteins at an electrode surface been viewed with any real optimism. Indeed, for many years it was thought that reversible, direct electron transfer (i. e. without mediation by small electron carriers) between electrodes and redox proteins was not possible. Several reasons were given: the slow rates of diffusion of these species were presumed to lead to greatly diminished faradaic currents; the 'buried' nature of the redox groups would make interaction with an electrode prohibitive for all but a few orientations of the protein at the electrode surface and proteins appeared to denature at the electrode-electrolyte interface. In fact, the early studies of protein electrochemistry were unlikely to succeed simply due to the type of electrodes used [4-61. Mercury was the favoured electrode material and, in such systems, adsorption phenomena play a predominant role with the possibility of confor...

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“…This is prepared immediately before use. [4] and lactate [5] [7]. The other methods give a within-batch precision which makes them very useful.…”

Section: Lactatementioning

confidence: 99%