Pelvic congestion syndrome: the current state of the literature

Borghi, Chiara; Dell’Atti, Lucio

doi:10.1007/s00404-015-3895-7

Cited by 105 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…These veins arise from the ovarian venous plexus and communicate with the uterine plexus in the broad ligament. Incompetence leads to retrograde venous flow, progressive development of pelvic varicosities and dilatation . The origin of PCS is most likely to be multifactorial .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Noninvasive diagnostic tools for pelvic congestion syndrome: a systematic review

Steenbeek

Vleuten

Kool

et al. 2018

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand

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IntroductionIn the work‐up of patients with suspected pelvic congestion syndrome, venography is currently the gold standard. Yet if non‐invasive diagnostic tools are found to be accurate, invasive venography might no longer be indicated as necessary.Material and methodsA literature search in Pubmed and EMBASE was performed from inception until 6 May 2017. Studies comparing non‐invasive diagnostic tools to a reference standard in the work‐up of patients with (suspected) pelvic congestion syndrome were included. Relevant data were extracted and methodological quality of individual included studies was assessed by the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS‐2) tool.ResultsNine studies matched our inclusion criteria. Six studies compared ultrasonography to venography and three studies described a magnetic resonance imaging technique. In using transvaginal ultrasonography, the occurrence of a vein greater than five mm crossing the uterine body had a specificity of 91% (95% CI; 77–98%) and occurrence of pelvic varicoceles a sensitivity and specificity of 100% (95% CI; 89–100%) and 83–100% (95% CI; 66–93%), respectively. In transabdominal ultrasonography, reversed caudal flow in the ovarian vein accounted for a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI; 84–100%). Detection of pelvic congestion syndrome with magnetic resonance imaging techniques resulted in a sensitivity varying from 88 to 100%.ConclusionsThe sensitivity of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging seem to be adequate, which indicates a role for both tests in an early stage of the diagnostic workup. However, due to methodological flaws and diversity in outcome parameters, more high standard research is necessary to establish a clear advice for clinical practice.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Incompetence leads to retrograde venous flow, progressive development of pelvic varicosities and dilatation . The origin of PCS is most likely to be multifactorial . Two important sources of pelvic vein insufficiency are described in the literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive diagnostic tools for pelvic congestion syndrome: a systematic review

Steenbeek

Vleuten

Kool

et al. 2018

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand

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“…In patients who were examined due to chronic pelvic pain, the PVC frequency should be considered in the definitive diagnosis (8). In contrast, when PVC is not considered for the diagnostic algorithm, it can be easily overlooked in examinations, such as USG and MRI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pelvic Venous Congestion in the Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Pelvic Pain

Ekin¹,

Yıldız²

2017

JAREM

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Objective: To investigate the frequency of pelvic venous congestion (PVC) in patients with chronic pelvic pain.Methods: In this retrospective study, 171 consecutive patients who underwent sacroiliac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or hip MRI for chronic pelvic pain were evaluated in terms of PVC. The presence of parauterine and/or periprostatic varicose veins with diameters of ≥6 mm was accepted as PVC. The two-tailed significance level was adjusted to p<0.05.Results: Of 171 patients, PVC was found in 45 (26.3%). The frequency of PVC was estimated to be 31.8% in women and 16.4% in men. PVC is more common in women than in men (p=0.044; chi-square test). The median age was 35 (19-63) years in patients with PVC.Conclusion: PVC is a frequent pathology that is detected inwomen and men. PVC should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain.

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“…Laparoscopy allows phlebologists to visualize causes of CPP, e.g. foci of endometriosis or adhesive process, in 66% of cases [82,84,[94][95][96][97].…”

Section: Instrumental Diagnosis Of Varicose Veins Of the Pelvismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Current View on the Problem of Varicose Veins of the Pelvis (Review)

Фомина¹,

Akhmetzyanov²,

Бредихин³

et al. 2018

Sovrem Tehnol Med

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Etiopathogenesis and diagnosis of varicose veins of the pelvis or pelvic varicose veins have been considered from the present-day perspective. Despite a high prevalence of this pathology it is still insufficiently explored.One of the main symptoms of the disease is a chronic pain in the lower abdomen lasting over six months and suffered by women of various ages. In the foreign literature, it is commonly called pelvic congestion syndrome, in the Russian literature -varicose veins of the pelvis.Varicose veins of the pelvis can arise due to aplasia or venous valve incompetence, the genetic origin of the illness is confirmed by numerous scientific investigations. The second main cause is venous obstruction. The emergence of the disease is also promoted by the specific anatomy of the venous outflow from the small pelvis: the right ovarian vein opens into the inferior vena cava, and the left ovarian vein to the left renal vein. The normal angle between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery is about 90°, and in case of the angle reduction aorto-mesenteric compression of the renal artery takes place.One of the disease complications is thrombosis of the intrapelvic venous plexuses and the ovarian veins which occurs most commonly in the period of pregnancy or after delivery, and less rarely after various surgical interventions in the small pelvic organs.The knowledge of etiopathogenesis principles will facilitate differential diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain in patients with varicose veins of the pelvis.

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Pelvic congestion syndrome: the current state of the literature

Cited by 105 publications

References 55 publications

Noninvasive diagnostic tools for pelvic congestion syndrome: a systematic review

Noninvasive diagnostic tools for pelvic congestion syndrome: a systematic review

Pelvic Venous Congestion in the Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Pelvic Pain

A Current View on the Problem of Varicose Veins of the Pelvis (Review)

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