“…We also thank Otto Enrique Castillo G., Donald C. Taphorn, Iván Mojica, F. Lima and M. Andrade for their comments and suggestions. Finally, we are in debt to Mark Sabaj for providing photo in Figure , Nadayca Mateussi for photo in Figure , Bruno Barros and Renata Ota (Ota et al ., ) for photos of P. brachypomus , M. albiscopum and C. macropomum , and P. mesopotamicus , respectively in Figure , and Celsi Señaris and Sergio León for photos of P. orinoquensis and P. brachypomus , respectively, in Figure . We are grateful to SISBIO/Brazil, INCODER/Colombia and INSOPESCA/Venezuela for providing biological sample collection permits.…”