Paying for sex is not easy

West, Stuart A.; Peters, Andrew

doi:10.1038/35039675

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Kondrashov 1993;Dunbrack et al 1995;Pound et al 2004). The small competitive release can suffice even to resist multiple clonal invasions (detailed in Pound et al 2002, responding to West andPeters 2000). Although these predictions concern population-level outcomes, their derivation from analyses of per capita fitness does not require any group selection argument (contrary to the claim of Getz 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Outcomes of reciprocal invasions between genetically diverse and genetically uniform populations of Daphnia obtusa (Kurz)

2005

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Ecological theory predicts that genetic variation produced by sexual reproduction results in niche diversification and provides a competitive advantage both to facilitate invasion into genetically uniform asexual populations and to withstand invasion by asexual competitors. We tested the hypothesis that a large group of diverse clones of Daphnia obtusa has greater competitive advantage when invading into genetically uniform populations of this species than a smaller group with inherently less genetic diversity. We compared competitive outcomes to those of genetically uniform groups of small and large size invading into genetically diverse populations. Genetically diverse invaders of initially large group size increased their representation by more than those of initially small size; in contrast, genetically uniform invaders of initially large group size diminished on average by more than those of initially small size. These results demonstrate an advantage to the genetic variation produced by sexual reproduction, both in invasion and resisting invasion, which we attribute to competitive release experienced by individuals in genetically diverse populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Outcomes of reciprocal invasions between genetically diverse and genetically uniform populations of Daphnia obtusa (Kurz)

2005

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“…The recent theory differs from those models by calibrating the competition between sexual and asexual types against competition within each type, using the conceptual framework of classical Lotka–Volterra dynamics (see Pound et al. , 2002; in response to West & Peters, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resource competition between genetically varied and genetically uniform populations of Daphnia pulex (Leydig): does sexual reproduction confer a short-term ecological advantage?

Tagg

Doncaster

Innes

2005

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

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Small competitive advantages may suffice to compensate for a large disadvantage in intrinsic growth capacity. This well-known principle from ecology has recently been applied to the enduring question of how sexual reproduction can persist in the face of invasion by female-only parthenogens. Small competitive advantages resulting directly from sexual reproduction are predicted to cancel a two-fold disadvantage in intrinsic growth capacity caused by males (which do not themselves produce offspring) comprising half the sexual population. In this paper we test the principal assumption of this theory, that the genetic variation produced by sexual reproduction confers a competitive advantage over self-identical asexual invaders. We set up competition between a diverse clonal assembly of Daphnia pulex and genetically uniform populations from single clones. At young ages, the population comprising genetically varied Daphnia had significantly higher birth rates in competition with populations of genetically uniform Daphnia than in competition with itself, indicating competitive release and a Lotka-Volterra competition coefficient a 12 < 1. No such difference was apparent under conditions of greater food stress, possibly due to individuals channelling more energy into survival, or for old-aged populations, possibly as a result of reduced selective pressures for high reproduction in old females. Mean birth rates differed between the clones at all ages in the presence of competition, providing evidence of variation in life history traits between clones. A Lotka-Volterra model predicted empirical estimates of a 12 = 0.896 (genetically uniform on varied) and a 21 = 1.010 (varied on uniform), which permits immediate coexistence of a sexual population of D. pulex even with an asexual lineage having twice the intrinsic growth capacity.

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“…Multiple clones are understood to be problematic for all theories for the maintenance of sexual reproduction that rely upon genetic diversity within the sexual population (''Red Queen'': Lively & Howard, 1994; ''frozen niche variation'': West & Peters, 2000). This is because clonal diversity can confer on an asexual population the same benefits of genetic variation that are provided by sexual reproduction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This is because clonal diversity can confer on an asexual population the same benefits of genetic variation that are provided by sexual reproduction. For example, whereas each clone may exploit a relatively narrow niche, a diversity of different clones can, between them, encompass the complete resource niche of the sexual population (West & Peters, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Lotka–Volterra Model of Coexistence between a Sexual Population and Multiple Asexual Clones

Pound

Doncaster

Cox

2002

Journal of Theoretical Biology

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At carrying capacity, small advantages in competitive ability can compensate a sexual population for its two-fold disadvantage in growth capacity when facing invasion by asexual mutants. In this paper, we develop a generic analytical model to consider the ecology of a sexual population comprising equal numbers of males and females, competing for shared prey resources with multiple female-only clones. We assume that the clones arise from the sexual population and are distinguished from it only by having narrower resource niches and twice the growth capacity. For sexual populations, at density-dependent carrying capacity, intra-specific competition between clonal individuals prevents them from realizing their two-fold advantage in intrinsic growth. This prediction leads to three novel outcomes: (i) a sexual population can coexist with any number of clones, provided their combined competitive impact remains less than the impact of the clones on each other; (ii) a sexual species can immediately exclude asexual invaders if it is a fast growing and strong competitor of shared resources and also has refuge in an abundant alternative resource; (iii) the rate of accumulation of clones in a sexual population will be slowed by intra and inter-specific competition amongst the clones themselves, in addition to the competitive impact from the original sexual population.

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Paying for sex is not easy

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

Outcomes of reciprocal invasions between genetically diverse and genetically uniform populations of Daphnia obtusa (Kurz)

Outcomes of reciprocal invasions between genetically diverse and genetically uniform populations of Daphnia obtusa (Kurz)

Resource competition between genetically varied and genetically uniform populations of Daphnia pulex (Leydig): does sexual reproduction confer a short-term ecological advantage?

A Lotka–Volterra Model of Coexistence between a Sexual Population and Multiple Asexual Clones

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