Patterns of vertical facial growth in Korean adolescents analyzed with mixed-effects regression analysis

Moon, Sung-Chul; Hong-kyun, Kim; Kwon, Taesoo; Han, Sang-Cheol; An, Chang-Hyeon; Park, Young‐Seok

doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.01.016

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…6 This analysis indicates that some differences in average morphology among the 3 facial types are established by 6 years of age, as previously noted. 6,19 Nevertheless, here we show that each type follows a unique average growth trajectory until adulthood, indicating different adolescent growth patterns, 2,4,17,41 with hypodivergent and normodivergent growth patterns more similar to each other than either is to the hyperdivergent growth pattern (Fig 2). These findings suggest the need for a nuanced interpretation of growth when attempting to estimate future face shape that accounts not only for early established differences in morphology but also the distinct growth trajectories among facial types that will further contribute to differences in face shape at later ages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…This approach allows for maximum morphologic distinction among facial types and assessment of how the adult facial morphology was achieved during growth and development. Other studies have classified participants during the adolescent growth spurt, 2,4,17,18,41 or during childhood. 6 This analysis indicates that some differences in average morphology among the 3 facial types are established by 6 years of age, as previously noted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…hypodivergent pattern as a deep bite [2][3][4] or short face syndrome. 6,8 Although Schudy's 1 classification system was based on the mandibular plane angle (MPA), other measurements have been used to classify patterns of vertical facial divergence, including the anterior to posterior facial height ratio, 6 the lower anterior to total anterior facial height ratio, [2][3][4] and the angle between mandibular and Frankfort horizontal planes. 6 The clinical significance of these classifications relates to their associations with dental malocclusion and other functional or esthetic issues.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Geometric morphometric analysis of growth patterns among facial types

Knigge

McNulty

Oh³

et al. 2021

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

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Introduction: Extreme patterns of vertical facial divergence are of great importance to clinicians because of their association with dental malocclusion and functional problems of the orofacial complex. Understanding the growth patterns associated with vertical facial divergence is critical for clinicians to provide optimal treatment. This study evaluates and compares growth patterns from childhood to adulthood among 3 classifications of vertical facial divergence using longitudinal, lateral cephalograms from the Craniofacial Growth Consortium Study. Methods: Participants (183 females, 188 males) were classified into 1 of 3 facial types on the basis of their adult mandibular plane angle (MPA): hyperdivergent (MPA .39 ; n 5 40), normodivergent (28 # MPA # 39 ; n 5 216), and hypodivergent (MPA \28 ; n 5 115). Each individual had 5 cephalograms between ages 6 and 20 years. A set of 36 cephalometric landmarks were digitized on each cephalogram. Landmark configurations were superimposed to align 5 homologous landmarks of the anterior cranial base and scaled to unit centroid size. Growth trajectories were calculated using multivariate regression for each facial type and sex combination. Results: Divergent growth trajectories were identified among facial types, finding more similarities in normodivergent and hypodivergent growth patterns than either share with the hyperdivergent group. Through the use of geometric morphometric methods, new patterns of facial growth related to vertical facial divergence were identified. Hyperdivergent growth exhibits a downward rotation of the maxillomandibular complex relative to the anterior cranial base, in addition to the increased relative growth of the lower anterior face. Conversely, normodivergent and hypodivergent groups exhibit stable positioning of the maxilla relative to the anterior cranial base, with the forward rotation of the mandible. Furthermore, the hyperdivergent maxilla and mandible become relatively shorter and posteriorly positioned with age compared with the other groups. Conclusions: This study demonstrates how hyperdivergent growth, particularly restricted growth and positioning of the maxilla, results in a higher potential risk for Class II malocclusion. Future work will investigate growth patterns within each classification of facial divergence. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021;-:---) C lassifications of facial and dental morphology are frequently used in orthodontic practice for diagnosis, treatment planning, and prognosis. Schudy 1 first characterized the interaction of vertical and anteroposterior growth in the face as patterns of facial divergence (ie, hyperdivergent, normodivergent, and hypodivergent), and since then, additional terminology has been used to describe similar morphologic patterns. The hyperdivergent skeletal pattern has been referred to as an open bite 2-4 or long face syndrome, [5][6][7] and the

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geometric morphometric analysis of growth patterns among facial types

Knigge

McNulty

Oh³

et al. 2021

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

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“…Previously, Moon et al evaluated several linear dimensions as components of two types of vertical dysplasia in the study design similar to that of Nanda . Findings of the two studies were similar in that the anterior dimensions of the face demonstrated morphologically divergent developmental patterns in open and deep bite faces, whereas the posterior dimensions of the faces did not discriminate between the morphological groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Growth patterns and overbite depth indicators of long and short faces in Korean adolescents: Revisited through mixed‐effects analysis

Han

Park

2018

Orthod Craniofacial Res

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Structured Abstract Objective The purpose was to evaluate skeletal factors related to the growth of subjects with skeletal open and deep bites based on lateral cephalographs from 9 years of pure longitudinal data using mixed effect analysis. Setting and Sample Population Fifty‐one children with extreme lower anterior facial height to total anterior facial height (LAFH/TAFH) ratio values at the age of 14 were assigned to either skeletal open bite or skeletal deep bite groups from a total of 223 subjects. Material & Methods The palatal plane angle (PPA), mandibular plane angle (MPA), gonial angle (GA), palatomandibular plane angle (PMA), upper gonial angle (UGA), lower gonial angle (LGA), occlusal plane angle (OPA) and overbite depth indicator (ODI) were measured and analysed. Mixed‐effects regression model analysis was used for the interpretation of data with random effects. Results Morphological differences were evident from the beginning and became more pronounced with age in MPA, GA, PMA, ODI and LGA. The initial values of all variables were statistically significant. Annual increases with age were statistically significant in GA, OPA, ODI and UGA. The morphological differences in the annual increases in MPA, GA, PMA and UGA were also statistically significant. Conclusions Morphologically different growth patterns were mainly contributed by lower anterior facial height dimensions. The extent of individual variations mandates judicious decision‐making in clinical situations.

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“…Finally, both excessive vertical facial growth [2] and deepbite [3] have also been reported to be best treated during the pubertal growth phase. These aspects are of particular importance also in consideration that skeletal Class III malocclusion [9] and vertical facial growth pattern [10] tend to aggravate when not treated. Therefore, the knowledge of whether attainment of a specific growth phase is also dependent on the different sagittal and vertical craniofacial growth pattern has a clinical relevance in terms of timing of intervention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sagittal and Vertical Craniofacial Growth Pattern and Timing of Circumpubertal Skeletal Maturation: A Multiple Regression Study

Perinetti

Rosso

Riatti

et al. 2016

BioMed Research International

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The knowledge of the associations between the timing of skeletal maturation and craniofacial growth is of primary importance when planning a functional treatment for most of the skeletal malocclusions. This cross-sectional study was thus aimed at evaluating whether sagittal and vertical craniofacial growth has an association with the timing of circumpubertal skeletal maturation. A total of 320 subjects (160 females and 160 males) were included in the study (mean age, 12.3 ± 1.7 years; range, 7.6–16.7 years). These subjects were equally distributed in the circumpubertal cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) stages 2 to 5. Each CVM stage group also had equal number of females and males. Multiple regression models were run for each CVM stage group to assess the significance of the association of cephalometric parameters (ANB, SN/MP, and NSBa angles) with age of attainment of the corresponding CVM stage (in months). Significant associations were seen only for stage 3, where the SN/MP angle was negatively associated with age (β coefficient, −0.7). These results show that hyperdivergent and hypodivergent subjects may have an anticipated and delayed attainment of the pubertal CVM stage 3, respectively. However, such association remains of little entity and it would become clinically relevant only in extreme cases.

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Patterns of vertical facial growth in Korean adolescents analyzed with mixed-effects regression analysis

Cited by 11 publications

References 23 publications

Geometric morphometric analysis of growth patterns among facial types

Geometric morphometric analysis of growth patterns among facial types

Growth patterns and overbite depth indicators of long and short faces in Korean adolescents: Revisited through mixed‐effects analysis

Sagittal and Vertical Craniofacial Growth Pattern and Timing of Circumpubertal Skeletal Maturation: A Multiple Regression Study

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