Patterns of responses and time-course of changes in muscle size and strength during low-load blood flow restriction resistance training in women

Hill, Ethan C.; Housh, Terry J.; Keller, Joshua L.; Smith, Cory M.; Anders, John V.; Schmidt, Richard J.; Johnson, Glen O.; Cramer, Joel T.

doi:10.1007/s00421-021-04627-2

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The test-retest reliability analyses indicated “excellent’ reliability for prefatigue MVIC force and coactivation ratios, with no significant mean differences from visit 2 to visit 3 and no subjects demonstrating a change greater than the MD. The ICCs in this study were similar to those (ICC = 0.972) reported by Hill et al (20) in a sample of recreationally active women performing similar muscle actions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…To further elaborate, low-load (<40% 1RM) training to task failure may be characterized by a progressive (low to high) recruitment of MU, requiring sufficient fatigue to recruit higher-threshold MU (1). However, high-load (>75% 1RM) training may be characterized by greater initial motor unit activity because of the elevated force requirements necessary to lift the load (20). These differing stimuli may uniquely affect motor unit recruitment strategies of differing thresholds, wherein the simultaneous recruitment of higher threshold MU under higher loading conditions may differ in their patterns of synchronization and/or rate coding compared with lower load conditions where recruitment is progressive (low to high).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Load-Specific Performance Fatigability, Coactivation, and Neuromuscular Responses to Fatiguing Forearm Flexion Muscle Actions in Women

Benitez¹,

Dinyer-McNeely²,

McCallum³

et al. 2022

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Benitez, B, Dinyer-McNeeley, TK, McCallum, L, Kwak, M, Succi, PJ, and Bergstrom, HC. Load-specific performance fatigability, coactivation, and neuromuscular responses to fatiguing forearm flexion muscle actions in women. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 769–779, 2023—This study examined the effects of fatiguing, bilateral, dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) forearm flexion on performance fatigability, coactivation, and neuromuscular responses of the biceps brachii (BB) and triceps brachii (TB) at high (80% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) and low (30% 1RM) relative loads in women. Ten women completed 1RM testing and repetitions to failure (RTF) at 30 and 80% 1RM. Maximal voluntary isometric force was measured before and after RTF. Electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude (AMP) and mean power frequency (MPF) signals were measured from the BB and TB. Performance fatigability was greater (p < 0.05) after RTF at 30% (%∆ = 41.56 ± 18.61%) than 80% (%∆ = 19.65 ± 8.47%) 1RM. There was an increase in the coactivation ratio (less coactivation) between the initial and final repetitions at 30%, which may reflect greater increases in agonist muscle excitation (EMG AMP) relative to the antagonist for RTF at 30% than 80% 1RM. The initial repetitions EMG AMP was greater for 80% than 30% 1RM, but there was no difference between loads for the final repetitions. For both loads, there were increases in EMG MPF and MMG AMP and decreases in MMG MPF that may suggest fatigue-dependent recruitment of higher-threshold motor units. Thus, RTF at 30 and 80% 1RM during DCER forearm flexion may not necessitate additional muscle excitation to the antagonist muscle despite greater fatigability after RTF at 30% 1RM. These specific acute performance and neuromuscular responses may provide insight into the unique mechanism underlying adaptations to training performed at varying relative loads.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Load-Specific Performance Fatigability, Coactivation, and Neuromuscular Responses to Fatiguing Forearm Flexion Muscle Actions in Women

Benitez¹,

Dinyer-McNeely²,

McCallum³

et al. 2022

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…At this stage, in intermediate and advanced training, progress is limited to the extent of muscular adaptation that can be achieved [ 23 ]. It has been believed that BFR-RT provides a potential time-effective approach to stimulate muscle adaptations [ 8 , 24 , 25 ], and even well-trained athletes may benefit from BFR-RT [ 26 ]. Thus, compared to HL-RT, training status and training duration may be a key factor affecting the effectiveness of BFR-RT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Moderators of the Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy: A Meta-analysis Based on a Comparison with High-Load Resistance Training

Geng,

Wu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Sports Med - Open

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Background While it has been examined whether there are similar magnitudes of muscle strength and hypertrophy adaptations between low-load resistance training combined with blood-flow restriction training (BFR-RT) and high-load resistance training (HL-RT), some important potential moderators (e.g., age, sex, upper and lower limbs, frequency and duration etc.) have yet to be analyzed further. Furthermore, training status, specificity of muscle strength tests (dynamic versus isometric or isokinetic) and specificity of muscle mass assessments (locations of muscle hypertrophy assessments) seem to exhibit different effects on the results of the analysis. The role of these influencing factors, therefore, remains to be elucidated. Objectives The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the effects of BFR- versus HL-RT on muscle adaptations, when considering the influence of population characteristics (training status, sex and age), protocol characteristics (upper or lower limbs, duration and frequency) and test specificity. Methods Studies were identified through database searches based on the following inclusion criteria: (1) pre- and post-training assessment of muscular strength; (2) pre- and post-training assessment of muscular hypertrophy; (3) comparison of BFR-RT vs. HL-RT; (4) score ≥ 4 on PEDro scale; (5) means and standard deviations (or standard errors) are reported or allow estimation from graphs. In cases where the fifth criterion was not met, the data were requested directly from the authors. Results The main finding of the present study was that training status was an important influencing factor in the effects of BFR-RT. The trained individuals may gain greater muscle strength and hypertrophy with BFR-RT as compared to HL-RT. However, the results showed that the untrained individuals experienced similar muscle mass gains and superior muscle strength gains in with HL-RT compared to BFR-RT. Conclusion Compared to HL-RT, training status is an important factor influencing the effects of the BFR-RT, in which trained can obtain greater muscle strength and hypertrophy gains in BFR-RT, while untrained individuals can obtain greater strength gains and similar hypertrophy in HL-RT.

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“…As well, blood flow restriction combined with endurance training has also been shown to improve cardiopulmonary health ( Conceição and Ugrinowitsch, 2019 ). Furthermore, BFRT can effectively improve muscle mass and strength in different populations ( Davids et al, 2021 ; Korkmaz et al, 2022 ), improve muscle fitness ( Hill et al, 2021 ), increase aerobic capacity ( Billaut et al, 2022 ), promote knee rehabilitation ( Centner et al, 2019 ), stimulate acute bone formation markers and hormonal responses ( Bemben et al, 2022 ), and improve athletic performance thereby maintaining overall good health ( Wortman et al, 2021 ). However, in the field of BFRT intervention for overweight/obesity, studies on anthropometric indicators and blood lipids have shown different results ( Da Silva et al, 2020 ; Kim and LeeDongminWon, 2021 ; Mohammadiyan et al, 2021 ; Yong et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of blood flow restriction training on anthropometric and blood lipids in overweight/obese adults: Meta-analysis

Sun

2022

Front. Physiol.

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Purpose: To systematically evaluate the effects of blood flow restriction training (BFRT) on anthropometric indicators and blood lipids in overweight/obese adults.Methods: A literature search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Cochrane Library databases to determine the final literature based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Review Manager 5.4.1 was used to evaluate the quality of the literature based on the Cochrane bias risk assessment tool, and Stata 17.0 software was used for Meta-analysis.Results: A total of 3,985 articles were screened, and five of the studies were included in the Meta-analysis, with a total 66 participants. In each study, subjects were measured before and after BFRT. Meta-results showed that BFRT significantly reduced BMI, lowered body weight, body fat % and waist circumference, significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level, lowered triglycerides, and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level in overweight/obese adults.Conclusion: BFRT can be used as a safe and effective exercise prescription for personalized weight/fat loss. BFRT significantly reduces BMI by reducing body weight, body fat %, and waist circumference and has the effect of improving body composition. It also significantly reduced TC and LDL-C and tends to decrease TG and increase HDL-C in overweight/obese adults, potentially reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease.

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Patterns of responses and time-course of changes in muscle size and strength during low-load blood flow restriction resistance training in women

Cited by 10 publications

References 34 publications

Load-Specific Performance Fatigability, Coactivation, and Neuromuscular Responses to Fatiguing Forearm Flexion Muscle Actions in Women

Load-Specific Performance Fatigability, Coactivation, and Neuromuscular Responses to Fatiguing Forearm Flexion Muscle Actions in Women

Potential Moderators of the Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy: A Meta-analysis Based on a Comparison with High-Load Resistance Training

Effects of blood flow restriction training on anthropometric and blood lipids in overweight/obese adults: Meta-analysis

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