Patterns of Dissociation in Clinical and Nonclinical Samples

Putnam, Frank W.; Carlson, Eve B.; Ross, Colin A.; Anderson, Geri; Clark, Patti; Torem, Moshe S.; Bowman, Elizabeth S.; Coons, Philip M.; Chu, James A.; Dill, Diana L.; Loewenstein, Richard J.; Braun, Bennett G.

doi:10.1097/00005053-199611000-00004

Cited by 256 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Indeed, in sample 1, we observed high percentages of students (i.e., 23-44%) scoring above the DES and DES-T cutoffs that are in use. In fact, these rates are implausibly high when one compares them to the prevalence of clinically significant dissociative symptoms in the general population, which have been estimated to be in the 5-29% range 13 . The percentage of sample 2 students who exceeded the cutoff on the CDS was considerably lower (i.e., 5%), but still well above prevalence rates of Depersonalisation Disorder, the most common dissociative disorder, which epidemiological studies estimate at 1.9% in the general population 22 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The overlap between dissociative symptoms and symptom over-reporting

et al. 2015

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-Background and Objectives:The potential link between dissociative symptoms and symptom over-reporting has been given little attention. In two student samples (N's = 139 and 113) and a clinical sample (N = 21), we examined whether self-reported dissociative symptoms are related to symptom over-reporting.Methods: We relied on different measures of dissociation and over-reporting. In the clinical sample, we looked at whether the well-established link between dissociative symptoms and sleep disturbances would survive if we corrected for symptom over-reporting.Results: Dissociativity correlated with symptom over-reporting in the student samples, but not in the clinical sample. Correcting for over-reporting tendencies did not fundamentally alter the relationships between dissociative symptoms and sleep disturbances in the clinical sample.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the overlap between symptom over-reporting and dissociativity is much more a problem in nonclinical than in clinical samples.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scores are averaged across items to obtain a total DES score (range: 0-100), with higher DES scores indicating a higher frequency of dissociative experiences. Values above 20 12 or 30 13 are considered to be indicative of clinically relevant dissociation.…”

Section: Questionnairesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The overlap between dissociative symptoms and symptom over-reporting

et al. 2015

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“…Dissociative phenomena are not unique to dissociative disorders, but may also occur in acute stress disorder (Spiegel et al 1996;Morgan et al 2001), post-traumatic stress disorder (Boon & Draijer, 1993), and eating disorders (Vanderlinden et al 1993 a). In addition, dissociative experiences are common in the general population (Ross et al 1990 ;Vanderlinden et al 1991;Kihlstrom et al 1994 ;Putnam et al 1996). The aetiology of dissociative phenomena is insufficiently known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurophysiological correlates of increased verbal working memory in high-dissociative participants: a functional MRI study

et al. 2005

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Background. Dissociation, defined as a disruption in usually integrated mental functions, is found not only in DSM-IV dissociative disorders, but also in post-traumatic stress disorder and eating disorders. Dissociative phenomena are also common in the general population, and may reflect a constitutionally determined cognitive style rather than a pathological trait acquired through experiencing adverse life events. In pathological dissociation, evidence has been presented for episodic memory dysfunction. In contrast, in high-dissociative subjects increased performance has been found for episodic memory and dual task performance. These findings have been linked to changes in working memory capacity.Method. In the present study, the authors sought to extend these findings by using functional magnetic resonance imaging during performance of two parametric working memory tasks. We tested 21 healthy low-and high-dissociative participants.Results. High-dissociative participants performed slightly better during both tasks. Imaging data showed that both groups activated similar networks for both tasks, i.e. (bilateral) dorsolateral (DL) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), parietal cortex, and supplementary motor area. Grouprtask interactions were found in the high-dissociative group in L DLPFC and L parietal cortex ; in the low-dissociative group in R fusiform gyrus. The differences in the high-dissociative group were independent from performance differences, implying that high-dissociative subjects generally recruit this network to a greater extent.Conclusions. These results confirm earlier findings using a verbal WM task in high-dissociative participants, and are compatible with the conceptualization of non-pathological dissociation as an information-processing style, characterized by distinct attentional and mnemonic abilities.

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“…Although scores of dissociation in schizophrenia are higher than in healthy people they are lower than in other psychiatric disorders (borderline personality disorder, dissociative disorders) (Putnam et al, 1996). On top of that, in dissociative disorders, qualitatively in comparison to schizophrenia, there is a maintained reality testing and the positive psychotic symptoms are better demarcated from stressful experiences like anxiety or intra-psychic tension.…”

Section: Dissociation Splitting and Metacognitionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Trauma, Dissociation and Synthetic Metacognition in Schizophrenia

2015

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Both childhood trauma and dissociation are associated with schizophrenia. More rudimentary form of dissociation known already from Eugen Bleuler as splitting of association is theoretically close to the modern concept of synthetic metacognition in schizophrenia. The synthetic metacognition as a psychological process is described as a capability to synthesize intentions, thoughts, feelings, and connections between events, and to integrate them into larger complex representations of self and others. Disturbed synthetic metacognition was found in early as well as in late forms of schizophrenia and has its typical formula. Deficit of synthetic metacognition is related to symptoms of schizophrenia and psychosocial functions. Synthetic metacognition is measurable by analyzing discourse using standardized procedures. The level of metacognition is assessed from the sample of narrative on the basis of the Metacognitive Assessment Scale -Abbreviated (MAS-A). Psychotherapies focused on strengthening of metacognitive functions concentrate on integration of fragmented mental content or on promoting of formation of stable mental representations in this disorder.

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Patterns of Dissociation in Clinical and Nonclinical Samples

Cited by 256 publications

References 33 publications

The overlap between dissociative symptoms and symptom over-reporting

The overlap between dissociative symptoms and symptom over-reporting

Neurophysiological correlates of increased verbal working memory in high-dissociative participants: a functional MRI study

Trauma, Dissociation and Synthetic Metacognition in Schizophrenia

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