Patterns and correlates of co‐occurrence among multiple types of child maltreatment

Kım, Kihyun; Mennen, Ferol E.; Trickett, Penelope K.

doi:10.1111/cfs.12268

Cited by 109 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The severity of the abuse and neglect experienced by 82% of the children and the multiple types of maltreatment experienced by over 70% of them suggests that thresholds for the use of CPPs and for placement in OHC were high in the case study authority. Although maltreatment severity has been investigated in the USA and high rates of poly-victimisation have been reported there, these issues have received barely any attention in the UK (Finkelhor et al, 2007, Pears et al, 2008, Wade et al, 2011, Kim et al, 2016, Radford et al, 2013, Cecil et al, 2017). The greater likelihood that children ever in care had experienced high severity maltreatment (88%) compared to those never in care (74%) suggests, as we might anticipate, that the threshold for placing children away from home was even higher than that for CPPs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-home support or out of home care? Thresholds for intervention with abused and neglected children

Biehal

Baldwin

Cusworth

et al. 2018

Children and Youth Services Review

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The number of children referred to the English child protection system and the numbers receiving home-based intervention or placed in out of home care have been rising in recent years. It is difficult to judge whether these changes indicate that thresholds for intervention are low or high, as we know little about the severity of the maltreatment that draws children into the child protection system in England. This study compared the histories, circumstances and pathways of children receiving quasi-compulsory home-based support (under a child protection plan) to those for children ever placed in out of home care. It collected detailed data from the social workers of 390 children and is the first UK study to include a standardised measure of the severity of maltreatment, the Modified Maltreatment Classification System (MMCS). It found that the vast majority of children had experienced multiple types of maltreatment, including at least one type of high severity, suggesting that thresholds for the use of child protection plans and placement were high. The strongest predictors of placement (as opposed to home-based support) were severity of maltreatment, being unborn or under one year old at referral, being disabled and experiencing physical abuse. Findings are discussed in the context of developments in policy and services under the English government's austerity programme.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-home support or out of home care? Thresholds for intervention with abused and neglected children

Biehal

Baldwin

Cusworth

et al. 2018

Children and Youth Services Review

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“…The number of maltreatment subtypes children have experienced relates to poorer emotional and behavioral symptoms (Kim, Cicchetti, Rogosch, & Manly, 2009) and biological measures, including hypercortisolism (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001, 2007). A recent study found that co-occurring neglect, emotional maltreatment, and physical abuse was the most common presentation of maltreatment in CPS records (Kim, Mennen, & Trickett, 2016). Pure subtypes of maltreatment, therefore, are not the norm, and children who experience multiple subtypes are at increased risk for a range of adverse outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying maltreatment subgroups with patterns of maltreatment subtype and chronicity: A latent class analysis approach

Warmingham

Handley

Rogosch

et al. 2019

Child Abuse & Neglect

109

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Maltreatment experiences are complex, and it is difficult to characterize the heterogeneity in types of maltreatment. Subtypes, such as emotional maltreatment, sexual abuse, physical abuse, and neglect commonly co-occur and may persist across development. Therefore, treating individual maltreatment subtypes as independently occurring is not representative of the nature of maltreatment as it occurs in children's lives. Latent class analysis (LCA) is employed herein to identify subgroups of maltreated children based on commonalities in maltreatment subtype and chronicity. In a sample of 674 low-income urban children, 51.6% of whom experienced officially documented maltreatment, our analyses identified four classes of children, with three distinct classes based on maltreatment subtypes and chronicity, and one group of children who did not experience maltreatment. The largest class of maltreated children identified was the chronic, multi-subtype maltreatment class (57% of maltreated children); a second class was characterized by only neglect in a single developmental period (31% of maltreated children), and the smallest class was characterized by a single subtype of maltreatment (emotional maltreatment, physical, or sexual abuse) occurring in a single developmental period (12% of maltreated children). Characterization of these groups confirms the overlapping nature of maltreatment subtypes. There were notable differences between latent classes on child behavioral and socio-emotional outcomes measured by child self-report and camp counselors report during a one-week summer camp. The largest differences were between the non-maltreated class and the chronic maltreatment class. Children who experienced chronic, multi-subtype maltreatment showed higher levels of externalizing behavior, emotion dysregulation, depression, and anxiety.

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“…A recent study examining the correlations among types of maltreatment shows that some classifications underestimate the co-occurrence indexes among the several types of maltreatment. This indicates it is common and that the physical and emotional abuse were the subtypes with higher rate of concomitance ( 70 ). In this sense, the official classification may neither represent the experience as accurately as expected in the case of children victims of abuse nor take the several types of maltreatment into account.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood Sexual Abuse and Indicators of Immune Activity: A Systematic Review

et al. 2018

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Background: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a prevalent subtype of early life stress associated with changes in immunological and neuroendocrine systems leading to inflammatory responses of the organism and increasing several inflammatory and immune markers. We aimed to conduct a systematic review concerning the association between CSA and indicators of immune activity.Methods: We conducted a search for articles in PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, using the key words: (“Child sexual abuse” OR “childhood maltreatment” OR “sexual violence” OR “posttraumatic stress disorder” OR “rape”) AND (“cytokines” OR “inflammatory markers” OR “interleukin” OR “tumor necrosis factor” OR “C-reactive protein”). PRISMA guidelines were used in order to improve the quality of this research, and MeSH terms were used in PubMed.Results: A total of 3,583 studies were found and, after application of the exclusion criteria, 17 studies were included in this review. Most studies reported an increase of inflammatory activity associated with the presence of early abuse. IL-6, TNF- α, and C-reactive protein were the most frequently analyzed markers and some studies showed higher levels in individuals that suffered CSA compared with controls, although the results were heterogeneous, as was the assessment of CSA, repeated trauma, and time of occurrence. It was not possible to perform a meta-analysis because the results were diversified.Conclusion: CSA is associated with changes in inflammatory markers levels. Improving the assessment of subtypes of trauma is important to further understand the complex correlations of CSA and its biological consequences such as psychiatric and physical illness in later life.

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Patterns and correlates of co‐occurrence among multiple types of child maltreatment

Cited by 109 publications

References 32 publications

In-home support or out of home care? Thresholds for intervention with abused and neglected children

In-home support or out of home care? Thresholds for intervention with abused and neglected children

Identifying maltreatment subgroups with patterns of maltreatment subtype and chronicity: A latent class analysis approach

Childhood Sexual Abuse and Indicators of Immune Activity: A Systematic Review

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