Pathology of Anal Cancer

Hoff, Paulo M.; Coudry, Renata A.; Moniz, Camila Motta Venchiarutti

doi:10.1016/j.soc.2016.07.013

Cited by 55 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Immunostaining markers such as CK5/6 can be used to distinguish squamous epithelium, whereas CK7 is used for glandular epithelium [25]. In our study, we found a subpopulation of ESCC cells that positively co-express CK5/6 and CK7.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

FOXA1 and CK7 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its prognostic significance

Xu¹,

Wang²,

Li³

et al. 2018

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Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in human. Some ESCC cells express adenocarcinoma cell markers, such as Cytokeratin 7 (CK7), but the clinical significance of these cells in ESCC is unknown. Immunohistochemical analysis of CK7 and Fork head box protein A1(FOXA1, an upstream regulator of CK7) was performed on 610 ESCC specimens using tissue microarray. In total, positive staining of CK7 was 59/594 (10%). CK7 expression was correlated with ESCC differentiation (P=0.006). The expression of CK7 is associated with poor overall survival (OS) of ESCC patients (P=0.0498). FOXA1 positive staining was 180/586(31%). FOXA1 expression correlates with differentiation (P<0.0001) and vascular invasion status (P=0.016) of ESCC. FOXA1 expression was non-independently correlated with poor prognosis of OS in ESCC patients (P=0.1198), but correlated with the prognosis of ESCC patients in some specific pathological characteristics, such as age less than 61 years (P=0.0066), tumor located in the middle segment of esophagus (P=0.0046), and non-lymph node metastasis (P=0.0377). Correlation analysis between the CK7 and FOXA1 expression was positive (P<0.0001). In conclusion, FOXA1 expression was positive correlated with CK7 expression. CK7 expression is an independent prognostic factor for ESCC, and FOXA1 is a non-independent prognostic factor. CK7 and its upstream factor FOXA1 both can be used as potential targets for ESCC therapy.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

FOXA1 and CK7 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its prognostic significance

Xu¹,

Wang²,

Li³

et al. 2018

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“…fr/causes/infections/home There is a consensus that HPV drives the development of a specific histological type of anal cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, which we considered in this study, unlike adenocarcinoma, which we did not investigate. 30 It should be emphasised that the data we present here are a snapshot of the burden of cancer attributable to infections worldwide in 2018, and comparisons with previous results are not possible because of changes in data sources, notably for cancer incidence estimates, 9 as well as other methodological modifications. We also point out that the estimates we show in this study are generally conservative, and that data on hepatocellular carcinoma incidence are probably underestimated, especially in sub-Saharan Africa or in countries where estimates come mainly from death certificates.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis

Martel

Georges

Bray

et al. 2020

The Lancet Global Health

1,377

988

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Background Infectious pathogens are strong and modifiable causes of cancer. The aim of this study was to improve estimates of the global and regional burden of infection-attributable cancers to inform research priorities and facilitate prevention efforts. Methods We used the GLOBOCAN 2018 database of cancer incidence and mortality rates and estimated the attributable fractions and global incidence for specific anatomical cancer sites, subsites, or histological subtypes known to be associated with ten infectious pathogens classified as human carcinogens. We calculated absolute numbers and age-standardised incidence rates (ASIR) of infection-attributable cancers at the country level. Estimates were stratified for sex, age group, and country, and were aggregated according to geographical regions and World Bank income groups. Findings We found that, for 2018, an estimated 2•2 million infection-attributable cancer cases were diagnosed worldwide, corresponding to an infection-attributable ASIR of 25•0 cases per 100 000 person-years. Primary causes were Helicobacter pylori (810 000 cases, ASIR 8•7 cases per 100 000 person-years), human papillomavirus (690 000, 8•0), hepatitis B virus (360 000, 4•1) and hepatitis C virus (160 000, 1•7). Infection-attributable ASIR was highest in eastern Asia (37•9 cases per 100 000 person-years) and sub-Saharan Africa (33•1), and lowest in northern Europe (13•6) and western Asia (13•8). China accounted for a third of worldwide cancer cases attributable to infection, driven by high ASIR of H pylori (15•6) and hepatitis B virus (11•7) infection. The cancer burden attributed to human papillomavirus showed the clearest relationship with country income level (from ASIR of 6•9 cases per 100 000 personyears in high-income countries to 16•1 in low-income countries). Interpretation Infection-attributable cancer incidence, in addition to the absolute number of cases, allows for refined geographic analyses and identification of populations with a high infection-associated cancer burden. When cancer prevention is largely considered in a non-communicable disease context, there is a crucial need for resources directed towards cancer prevention programmes that target infection, particularly in high-risk populations. Such interventions can markedly reduce the increasing cancer burden and associated mortality.

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“…Anal cancers (AC) account for 2% of all gastrointestinal malignancies with increasing incidence of the disease, especially in developed countries . Viro‐clinical and epidemiological studies have shown that oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV) play a major role in the development of anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the most frequent histological type of AC . The prevalence of HPV in anal carcinoma is 88%, but has risen to 95% in studies using highly sensitive HPV detection methods .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Viro-clinical and epidemiological studies have shown that oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV) play a major role in the development of anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 3 the most frequent histological type of AC. 4 The prevalence of HPV in anal carcinoma is 88%, 5 but has risen to 95% in studies using highly sensitive HPV detection methods. 6 A better outcome of HPV-positive AC, especially regarding loco-regional response rates, has been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear factor I X is a recurrent target for HPV16 insertions in anal carcinomas

Jeannot

Harlé

Holmes

et al. 2018

Genes Chromosomes & Cancer

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Anal carcinomas (AC) are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA sequences, but little is known about the physical state of the viral genome in carcinoma cells. To define the integration status and gene(s) targeted by viral insertions in AC, tumor DNAs extracted from 35 tumor specimen samples in patients with HPV16‐associated invasive carcinoma were analyzed using the detection of integrated papillomavirus sequences‐PCR approach. The genomic status at integration sites was assessed using comparative genomic hybridization‐array assay and gene expression using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR). HPV16 DNA was found integrated in 25/35 (71%) cases and the integration locus could be determined at the molecular level in 19 cases (29 total integration loci). HPV DNA was inserted on different chromosomes, but 5 cases harbored viral sequences at 19p13.2, within the nuclear factor I X (NFIX) locus. Viral DNA mapped between the most distal and the two proximal alternatively expressed exons of this gene in three cases (CA21, CA04, and CA35) and upstream of this gene (663 kb and 2.3 Mb) in the others. CGH arrays showed genomic gains/amplifications at the NFIX region, associated with HPV within the gene and RT‐qPCR, revealed NFIX mRNA overexpression. Other genes targeted by integration were IL20RB, RPS6KA2, MSRA1, PIP5K1B, SLX4IP, CECR1, BCAR3, ATF6, CSNK1G1, APBA2, AGK, ILF3, PVT1, TRMT1, RAD51B, FASN, CCDC57, DSG3, and ZNF563. We identified recurrent targeting of NFIX by HPV16 insertion in anal carcinomas, supporting a role for this gene in oncogenesis, as reported for non‐HPV tumors.

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Pathology of Anal Cancer

Cited by 55 publications

References 33 publications

FOXA1 and CK7 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its prognostic significance

FOXA1 and CK7 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its prognostic significance

Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis

Nuclear factor I X is a recurrent target for HPV16 insertions in anal carcinomas

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