Pathogens in the Sea: An Overview

Munn, Colin B.

doi:10.1007/0-387-23709-7_1

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 169 publications

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“…Nevertheless, little is known regarding the occurrence of the pathogen in the benthic environment and on factors affecting its survival (Pfeffer et al. , 2003; Munn, 2005). In a recent study carried out in the coastal Mediterranean Sea, it was shown that culturable and total Vibrio spp.…”

Section: Vibrio Cholerae Reservoirs In the Aquatic Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae and their role in cholera

Vezzulli

Pruzzo

Huq

et al. 2010

Environ Microbiol Rep

132

123

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In the aquatic environment, Vibrio cholerae has been reported to be associated with a variety of living organisms, including animals with an exoskeleton of chitin, aquatic plants, protozoa, bivalves, waterbirds, as well as abiotic substrates (e.g. sediments). Most of these are well-known or putative environmental reservoirs for the bacterium, defined as places where the pathogen lives over time, with the potential to be released and to cause human infection. Environmental reservoirs also serve as V. cholerae disseminators and vectors. They can be responsible for the start of an epidemic, may be critical to cholera endemicity, and affect the evolution of pathogen virulence. To date, in addition to the generally recognized role of zooplankton as the largest environmental reservoir for V. cholerae, other environmental reservoirs play some role in cholera epidemiology by favouring persistence of the pathogen during inter-epidemic periods. Little is known about the ecological factors affecting V. cholerae survival in association with aquatic substrates. Studies aimed at these aspects, i.e. understanding how environmental reservoirs interact, are affected by climate, and contribute to disease epidemiology, will be useful for understanding global implications of V. cholerae and the disease cholera.

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Section: Vibrio Cholerae Reservoirs In the Aquatic Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae and their role in cholera

Vezzulli

Pruzzo

Huq

et al. 2010

Environ Microbiol Rep

132

123

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show abstract

“…Only a few marine Gram-positive bacteria are primary pathogens (e.g., M. marinum and R. salmoninarum ) [ 14 , 15 ], and the majority are considered opportunistic, causing disease if they are present in high numbers or infect immunocompromised hosts [ 12 , 13 ]. Intracellular marine Gram-positive pathogens ( R. salmoninarum , Mycobacterium , and Nocardia spp) can cause chronic persistent infections [ 16 ], and several extracellular Gram-positive cocci (e.g., Lactococcus garviae and Streptococcus iniae ) can affect the central nervous systems of fish [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host–Pathogen Interactions of Marine Gram-Positive Bacteria

Gnanagobal

Santander

2022

Biology

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Marine Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, including Renibacterium salmoninarum, Mycobacterium marinum, Nocardia seriolae, Lactococcus garvieae, and Streptococcus spp. cause economic losses in marine fish aquaculture worldwide. Comprehensive information on these pathogens and their dynamic interactions with their respective fish–host systems are critical to developing effective prophylactic measures and treatments. While much is known about bacterial virulence and fish immune response, it is necessary to synthesize the knowledge in terms of host–pathogen interactions as a centerpiece to establish a crucial connection between the intricate details of marine Gram-positive pathogens and their fish hosts. Therefore, this review provides a holistic view and discusses the different stages of the host–pathogen interactions of marine Gram-positive pathogens. Gram-positive pathogens can invade fish tissues, evade the fish defenses, proliferate in the host system, and modulate the fish immune response. Marine Gram-positive pathogens have a unique set of virulence factors that facilitate adhesion (e.g., adhesins, hemagglutination activity, sortase, and capsules), invasion (e.g., toxins, hemolysins/cytolysins, the type VII secretion system, and immune-suppressive proteins), evasion (e.g., free radical quenching, actin-based motility, and the inhibition of phagolysosomal fusion), and proliferation and survival (e.g., heme utilization and siderophore-mediated iron acquisition systems) in the fish host. After infection, the fish host initiates specific innate and adaptive immune responses according to the extracellular or intracellular mechanism of infection. Although efforts have continued to be made in understanding the complex interplay at the host–pathogen interface, integrated omics-based investigations targeting host–pathogen–marine environment interactions hold promise for future research.

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“…[23,29]). Seabirds spend most of the year in the marine environment where they are exposed to an array of specific pathogens and endo-and ectoparasites [30][31][32], and that may differentiate them from other avian groups. In addition, many seabirds breed colonially in dense aggregations that can promote elevated transmission rates of pathogens, and the strength of selection on MHC diversity (especially in class II genes) has been shown to increase with increased coloniality and migratory behavior in birds [33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogens in the Sea: An Overview

Cited by 7 publications

References 169 publications

Environmental reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae and their role in cholera

Environmental reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae and their role in cholera

Host–Pathogen Interactions of Marine Gram-Positive Bacteria

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