Paternal Investment in Egg Defence

Eisner, Thomas; Rossini, Cármen; Conzález, Andrés; Iyengar, Vikram K.; Siegler, Melody V. S.; Smedley, Scott R.

doi:10.1002/9780470760253.ch4

Cited by 31 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Best known are instances involving defensive utilization, by Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, of substances derived from their food plants (15). Allocation of these substances to the eggs has also been documented (16). Cases such as Utetheisa, in which the eggs receive plant metabolites from both parents, are not known but must surely exist.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For each of the experimental categories of eggs (tests I-III), two batches of eggs were collected, whenever present, from the clusters laid by the individual females on the wax paper lining of the mating chambers. One batch (21.2 Ϯ 0.4 eggs per batch; range [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], kept affixed as a group to a cutaway piece of their wax paper backing, was used in the parasitization assay with Trichogramma. The other batch (10 eggs per batch; scraped from their paper backing) was used for chemical determination of PA content.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant-derived pyrrolizidine alkaloid protects eggs of a moth (Utetheisa ornatrix) against a parasitoid wasp (Trichogramma ostriniae)

Bezzerides

Yong

Bezzerides

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA), sequestered by the moth Utetheisa ornatrix from its larval food plant, is transmitted by both males and females to the eggs. Males confer PA on the female by seminal infusion, and females pass this gift, together with PA that they themselves procured as larvae, to the eggs. Here we show that PA protects the eggs against parasitization by the chalcidoid wasp, Trichogramma ostriniae. Eggs laid subsequent to a first mating of an Utetheisa female receive most of their PA from the female. The amount they receive from the male is insufficient to provide for full protection. However, female Utetheisa are promiscuous and therefore likely to receive PA on a cumulative basis from their male partners. chemical defense ͉ parasitism ͉ Arctiidae ͉ Trichogrammatidae

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant-derived pyrrolizidine alkaloid protects eggs of a moth (Utetheisa ornatrix) against a parasitoid wasp (Trichogramma ostriniae)

Bezzerides

Yong

Bezzerides

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…In these cases, plant compounds may be metabolised to sex pheromones and used as nuptial gifts. For example, several male nymphalid butterfly species sequester and metabolise pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from plants for these needs (Pliske et al 1976;Dussourd et al 1989;Trigo et al 1996b;Eisner et al 2002). Because adult sources for PAs or other metabolites are often unrelated to larval host plants and adults do not explore these plants for their nutrition but to increase their biological fitness, such species can be regarded as pharmacophagous (Boppré 1984;Metcalf 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant chemistry and insect sequestration

2009

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Most plant families are distinguished by characteristic secondary metabolites, which can function as putative defence against herbivores. However, many herbivorous insects of different orders can make use of these plant-synthesised compounds by ingesting and storing them in their body tissue or integument. Such sequestration of putatively unpalatable or toxic metabolites can enhance the insects' own defence against enemies and may also be involved in reproductive behaviour. This review gives a comprehensive overview of all groups of secondary plant metabolites for which sequestration by insect herbivores belonging to different orders has been demonstrated. Sequestered compounds include various aromatic compounds, nitrogen-containing metabolites such as alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates and other sulphurcontaining metabolites, and isoprenoids such as cardiac glycosides, cucurbitacins, iridoid glycosides and others. Sequestration of plant compounds has been investigated most in insects feeding or gathering on Apocynaceae s.l. (Apocynoideae, Asclepiaoideae), Aristolochiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Fabaceae and Plantaginaceae, but it also occurs for some gymnosperms and even lichens. In total, more than 250 insect species have been shown to sequester plant metabolites from at least 40 plant families. Sequestration predominates in the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, but also occurs frequently in the orders Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera and Sternorrhyncha. Patterns of sequestration mechanisms for various compound classes and common or individual features occurring in different insect orders are highlighted. More research is needed to elucidate the specific transport mechanisms and the physiological processes of sequestration in various insect species.

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“…Among invertebrates, provisioning of toxins in eggs can result in chemically defended larvae (Pasteels et al 1986;Blum and Hilker 2002;Eisner et al 2002). Among vertebrates, some chemically defended eggs gradually lose their toxicity as development ensues (Phisalix 1922;Twitty 1937).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%