“…In these human studies, full patent documents were often directly provided to designers as design aids such as prior art solutions [11,24,26,25,27,29,30], or design stimuli [15,16,17,20,28,19] for engineering design. Besides, a group of qualitative studies adopted knowledge-based rules or strategies to boost computer-aided engineering design and developed rule-based expert systems [43,31,54,68,42,47,66,33,48,57,45,62,28,13,46,41,12,35]. These expert systems usually require designers to collaborate with algorithms to tackle specific problems.…”