Partitioning of Cephalexin in Ionic Liquid Aqueous Two‐Phase System Composed of 1‐Butyl‐3‐Methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate and ZnSO₄

Abstract

Ionic liquid aqueous two-phase system (ILATPS) was applied in the extraction and separation of hydrosoluble antibiotics. The partitioning behavior of cephalexin (CEX) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim]BF4)-ZnSO4aqueous two-phase system was studied by the partitioning parameter of the extraction efficiency. The effect of the volume of [Bmim]BF4, the concentration of ZnSO4, temperature, pH, and the volume of ZnSO4solution was discussed concretely. When the volume of [Bmim]BF4was 2 mL and the concentration of ZnSO4was 35%, the extraction efficiency of CEX could reach 92.64% with pH unadjusted. The effect of the volume of [Bmim]BF4on the extraction efficiency was higher than that of the concentration of ZnSO4. The temperature influenced not only the formation of aqueous two-phase system but also the extraction efficiency of CEX. The target was found to be preferentially extracted to the [Bmim]BF4-rich phase at the pH below 4.3. The partition of CEX to the top phase was enhanced by increasing the volume of [Bmim]BF4, the concentration of ZnSO4, and temperature; however, the partition of CEX to the top phase increased by decreasing the pH.

Ionic-Liquid-Mediated Extraction and Separation Processes for Bioactive Compounds: Past, Present, and Future Trends

“…In these studies, [C 4 C 1 im]­Cl, [C 4 C 1 im]­[BF 4 ], and [C 4 C 1 im]­Br were used, with NaH 2 PO 4 as the salting-out agent and two distinct lines of research were adopted: while Liu and co-workers extracted penicillin G from a filtered fermentation broth with efficiencies higher than 90%, Jiang and collaborators addressed the approaches applied to isolate this antibiotic by adding an hydrophobic IL, as described in Figure B. In addition to tetracycline and penicillin G, other antibiotics were also studied, namely ciprofloxacin and its hydrochloride salt, , cephalexin, and chloramphenicol. , Of particular interest is the work of Han et al, which followed an emergent green tendency of applying a less toxic and more biodegradable organic salt, such as K 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 , as a replacement for the typically used inorganic salts.…”

Influence of the Salting-Out Ability and Temperature on the Liquid–Liquid Equilibria of Aqueous Two-Phase Systems Based on Ionic Liquid–Organic Salts–Water

“…For instance, Han and co-workers determined the liquid–liquid equilibrium data for the IL ATPSs containing the [C n mim] BF 4 with different carbon-chain lengths and inorganic salts . The effect of temperature also be considered in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate-salts aqueous two-phase systems. , Additionally, the systems [C n mim]Br ( n = 4,6,8,10,12), [C 4 mim]­[PF 6 ] and 1-decyl-3-bromide + salt + water have been reported by Wang et al − The structures and properties of ILs can be adjusted finely by changing the cation or anion of the IL, and specific functionality can be introduced to the IL. Several researchers have indicated that pyridinium ionic liquids also exhibit good extraction and separation properties.…”